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FEBRUARY 18. 1902. ro JANUARY 20, 1908. 


PROCEEDINGS & TRANSACTIONS 


CROYDON 


NATURAL HISTORY AND SCIENTIFIC 


CROYDON: 


PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY, BY WEST, NEWMAN AND CO., 


HATTON GARDEN, LONDON. 


1903. 


PROCEEDINGS 


OF 


THE CROYDON NATURAL HISTORY AND 
SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. 


1902-1903. 


Ghirty-third Annual Meeting, 
Held at the Public Hall, Croydon, January 20th, 1908. 


The President, James Eprs, Jun., F.L.S., in the chair. 


The Statement of the Accounts for 1902 was approved. 


The following gentlemen were elected Officers of the Society 
for the ensuing year :— 


President.—F. Campsetu-Bayarp, LL.M., F.R.Met.Soc. 

Vice-Presidents.—Jas. Epps, Jun., F.L.8.; Henry T. Mennexy, 
F.L.8.; Wituiam Waitaxer, B.A., F.R.S., F.G.S. 

Hon. Curator of Museum.—N. F. Rosarts, F.G.S. 

Hon. Lanternist.—J. H. Batpock, F.C.8. 

Hon. Librarian.—AurrEeD Roops. 

Hon. Treasurer.—F. J. Townenp, 11, Park Hill Rise. 

Council.—J. Epmunp Cuark, B.A., B.Sc., F.G.8.; C. L. 
FauntHorre ; W. Murron Houmes; EK. A. Martin, F.G.S. ; 
H. D. Gower; HK. Loverr; W. W. Torney. 

Hon. Secretary.—Grorck W. Moors, 15, Dornton Road, 
South Croydon, to whom all communications should be 


addressed. 
b 


CX1V Proceedings. 


Anthropological ¢& Archeological Committee.—H. C. CoLuyeEr, 
Breakhurst, Beddington; J. M. Hopson, M.D., B.Sc., Morland Road ; 
A. J. Hoae, 5, Cargreen Road, South Norwood; E. Lovett, West 
Burton, Outram Road; N.F. Roparts, F.G.S8., 23, Oliver Grove, South 
Norwood; J. Watson Suiack, 27, Birdhurst Road; G. Ciincn, F.G.S. 
(Secretary), 22, Nicholson Road; A. Tarver, 7, Stuart Road, Thorn- 
ton Heath. 


Botanical Committee.—J. EDMUND CuarK, B.A., B.Sc., F.G.S., 
Lile Garth, Ashburton Road; Miss E. N. Gwartxin, Grove Cottage, 
Addiscombe Grove; W. Murton Houmes, Glenside, St. Peter’s Road ; 
Miss KiaassEn (Secretary), Aberfeldy, Campden Road; H.'T. MENNELL, 
F.L.S., 31, Park Hill Rise; H. Franxiin Parsons, M.D., F.G.S., 4, 
‘Park Hill Rise; Mrs. Parsons, Park Hill Rise; C. E. Sautmon, 
Clevelands, Wray Park, Reigate; E. Straxer, Park Lane Mansions. 


Geological Committee.—W. Bruck BANNERMAN, F.S.A., F.G.S., 
Sydenham Road; G. J. Hinpz, Ph. D., F.R.S., F.G.S., Avondale 
Road; A. J. Hoae, 5, Cargreen Road, South Norwood; W. Murton 
Hotmezs, Glenside, St. Peter’s Road; G. W. Moors, Bryndhurst, 
Dornton Road; T. K. F. Pacr, 9, Rosemount, Wallington; H. 
FRANKLIN Parsons, M.D., F.G.S., Park Hill Rise; N. F. Roparts, 
F.G.S. (Secretary), 238, Oliver Grove, South Norwood; W. W. Toptey, 
Friends Road; THos. WALKER, C.E., Warrington Road; W. WHITAKER, 
B.A., F.B.S., F.G.S., Freda, Campden Road. 


Meteorological Committee. — F. CaAmpBeLL-Bayarp, LL.M., F.R. 
Met. Soc. (Secretary), Cotswold, Wallington; J. Epmunp Cuark, B.A., 
B.S8e., F.G.8., Lile Garth, Ashburton Road; THos. CusHine, F.R.A.S., 
Chepstow Road; Batpwin Latuam, M.1.C.E., Duppas House. 


Microscopical Comnuttee. — Rev. R. K. Corsrr, 57, Park Hill 
Road; T. A. Duxss, M.B., B.Sc., 16, Wellesley Road; Mrs. H. Hatt, 
Colleendene, Addisecombe Grove; E. Loverr, West Burton, Outram 
Road; W. Murtron Houmes, Glenside, St. Peter’s Road; L. Rreep, 
F.C.S., Hyrst Hof, South Park Hill; Miss C. Warp (Secretary), 42, 
Temple Road. 


Museum Committee.—J. M. Hopson, M.D., B.Se., Morland Road; 
EK. Lovett, West Burton, Outram Road; H. T. Mennetu, F.L.S., 
Park Hill Rise; H. Franxiin Parsons, M.D., F.G.S., Park Hill 
Rise; N. F. Roparts, F.G.S. (Secretary), 23, Oliver Grove, South Nor- 
wood; F’. THompson, Lynton, Haling Park Road; W. Wurraker, B.A., 
F.R.S., F.G.8., Freda, Campden Road. 


Photographic Committee. — J. H. Baupocx, F.C.8. (Lanternist 
and Recorder), Overdale, St. Leonard’s Road; H. D. Gowkr (Portfolio 
Secretary), 55, Benson Road; R. F. Grunpy, 8, Havelock Road; 
A. Roops, 67, Thornhill Road; A. J. WeicuHTman, Endsleigh, 11, 
Chepstow Road; C. L. FauntHorPE (Secretary), 60, Selsdon Road. 


Zoological Committee.—J. H. Batpock, F.C.S., Overdale, St. 
Leonard’s Road; R. A. Crowtey, 4, High Street; H. D. Gower, 
55, Benson Road; W. Murton Hotmes, Glenside, St. Peter’s Road; 
EK. A. Martin, F.G.S., 23, Campbell Road; Atrrep Roops, 67, 
on Road; A. TARVER (Secretary), 7, Stuart Road, Thornton 

eath. 


Proceedings. CXV 


The President's Address. 


Lapies AND GENTLEMEN, 


It is once again a pleasure reserved to me to take a 
perspective view of the work accomplished by our Society during 
the last twelve months. Owing to my absence from the country 
in February and March, I regret that I missed the first two 
papers of this year. 


Mr. Marriott of the Meteorological Society, I understand, on 
February 18th, addressed the Society on ‘“ Rainfall.” His re- 
marks on the atmospheric conditions necessary for the formation 
of rain, and its modified distribution over our island depending 
on the altitude or peculiarities of localities, were very interesting. 
Mr. Marriott exhibited a numerous and instructive series of 
lantern-slides illustrating his address. 


At our meeting on March 18th, Dr. Vaughan Cornish, F.R.S., 
being unfortunately, through illness, unable to give his paper, 
entitled ‘‘ Waves in Water, Sand and Snow,” Mr. Fawcett kindly 
volunteered and gave the members an exhibition of lantern- 
slides of Alpine scenery. 


On April 15th Mr. Pelton read an exceedingly entertaining 
paper entitled ‘‘The Japanese Sword-blade, its History and 
Legends.” After treating of the history and legends, Mr. Pelton 
drew attention to the care taken in the manufacture; he stated 
that both iron and steel were used, one blade being formed of 
bars of iron and steel alternately welded so as to produce a hard 
cutting edge and a softer tough back. In very ancient times the 
sword was straight, but later a curved blade was used, in each 
ease, however, with a single edge. Since about 1877 the wearing 
of swords generally by the nobility has been abolished, and 
consequently many were acquired by curio hunters, but much 
care and experience were necessary to recognize a good blade. 
Mr. Pelton exhibited a case of excellent specimens, one of which 
dated back to the thirteenth century. Amongst them wasa lady’s 
dagger, also a dummy in wood sometimes worn as a substitute. 


On May 27th Mr. W. Murton Holmes read a very interesting 
paper on ‘“‘ Foraminifera from the Gault at Merstham,”’ illustrated 
by some beautifully prepared lantern-slides by Mr. Baldock 
from drawings made by Mr. Holmes. Mr. Holmes went into 
details on the distribution of the multitudinous varieties of 

b 2 


CXV1 Proceedings. 


Foraminifera and the best means for their extraction from their 
surroundings. 


The first meeting of the autumn and winter session of the 
Society was held on Tuesday, Sept. 16th. A very creditable 
number of exhibits were shown; as usual on this occasion no 
paper was read. 


At our monthly meeting held on the 21st of October, Mr. 
Clinch read his very interesting paper entitled ‘‘ The Recent 
Discoveries at Waddon.”’ 


At the ordinary meeting on November 8th, Mr. W. F. Stanley 
gave a paper entitled ‘‘ Examples of perfect Flint Implements 
of the First Dynasty of Egypt’’; and also drew attention to two 
early mirrors in copper found in recent excavations at Abydos. 
Some beautifully fine and perfect specimens of flint implements 
were shown. On a spear-head shown by Mr. Stanley there were 
fine sharp cutting teeth equally spaced along the edges of only 
the fiftieth of an inch apart, and the blade of flint of seven inches 
in length was only one-sixth of an inch in thickness at its centre. 
Mr. Stanley described one mirror as being made from native 
copper, presumably before the art of casting this metal was 
known, and this had been set in a handle of fossil hippopotamus 
tooth, so that, being imperishable, the handle was perfectly 
preserved. Another mirror was also shown, but less ancient, 
found on the breast of a mummy, upon which the mummy- 
cloth was preserved by being saturated with the corroded 
copper. 

Dr. Parsons was then called upon to give his two short papers, 
entitled respectively ‘‘ The Flora of Hayes Common”’ and ‘Some 
Notes on the Flora of the Kastern Border of Dartmoor’’; the 
former being a most valuable record of the plants of Hayes 
Common. 


On December 16th I gave a paper entitled ‘‘ A Trip to the West 
Indies,’’ being a short account of the enjoyable holiday I had 
had last winter to the West Indies; it was illustrated by lantern- 
slides and specimens. 


The following evening, December 17th, Mr. Speyer kindly 
gave the Society a grand treat with his most interesting lecture 
entitled ‘‘Round about the Matterhorn.” The Large Hall was 
engaged on this occasion, and the public invited to attend. The 
lecturer cannot be too highly praised for his grand series of 
slides, which are direct from nature, and have in no way been 
‘“‘faked,” and are his own work. Mr. Speyer is proud of being 


Proceedings. Cxvil 


an amateur, and, as an amateur, one must be excused for being 
envious of him. 

Mr. Alderman Page, by desire, kindly acted as chairman on 
this occasion. 


On January 13th, Dr. Tempest Anderson gave the Society, in 
the Small Public Hall, a most interesting paper on the recent 
volcanic eruption in the West Indies. He dealt, firstly, with the 
eruptions in the island of St. Vincent, giving a fine series of 
lantern-slides showing very clearly the great devastation caused 
over the northern part of the island. He drew attention to the 
fact that on the leeward side of Mount Souffriére the negroes, 
being warned by the reports and dense smoke issuing from the 
crater, had time to make good their escape, but on the windward 
they were overcome by the burning ashes and sulphurous acid 
fumes, and on trying to flee from the spot were completely cut 
off by a river of boiling water from the mountain. In places 
the laval dust was lying to a depth of 80 feet, under which for 
weeks was smouldering the once luxuriant vegetation. 

The doctor then drew attention to the French island of 
Martinique, showing a fine series of photographs of Mount Pelée 
and the ruined city of St. Pierre, of which only a few bare walls 
remained. 

The exact number of lives lost can never be known, but it is 
estimated that two to three thousand perished in St. Vincent, 
and perhaps forty thousand in Martinique. It was indeed a 
woeful day, and only those that were in the islands on that day 
can realize the awfulness of it. 


Our members now number 2138,—197 seniors and 16 juniors. 
I regret to say that we have lost one member by death this year. 
We have had 18 members resign, 12 seniors and 1 junior; and 
5 seniors struck off for non-payment of subscriptions. Against 
this loss we have during the twelve months elected 16 senior 
and 5 junior members. 

The Balance Sheet which our Honorary Treasurer has placed 
before us this evening is in no way satisfactory, showing, as it 
does, a deficit of £1 5s. 8d. This is explained away by our 
Treasurer by the fact that about eight pounds worth of subscrip- 
tions for 1902 are still outstanding. 

I find on comparison with the Balance Sheet of ten years ago 
that our finance does not do us credit. This is all the more to 
be deplored after the increased activity of the Council in pro- 
viding this year three special and capital papers and a Soirée. 
Members are greatly to blame for this; there is not the activity 
and enthusiasm amongst them that there should be to make it 
a flourishing society. JI do implore members to take more 


CXVill Proceedings. 


interest in their Society, and the least they can do is that, when 
a special paper is given, they should influence their friends to 
take tickets, and often they might persuade them to become 
members. 

Mr. Lovett, at the end of 1892, on his retiring from his 
Presidency, left a satisfactory balance of £51 11s. 4d. 

At the end of the following year (1893), after Dr. Parsons’s 
first year of Presidency, the Club had a balance of £59 10s. 3d. 

At the end of 1894, Dr. Parsons’s second year of Presidency, 
the Club had a balance of £80 2s. 4d. 

In 1895, during Mr. Murton Holmes’s Presidency, the Club 
had a balance of £10 19s. 10d. 

In 1896, during Mr. Holmes’s second year, the Club had a 
balance of £6 Os. 9d. 

In 1897, during Dr. Hobson’s first year of office, the Club at . 
the end of the year showed a deficiency of £10 17s. 5d. 

In 1898, during Dr. Hobson’s second year, the Club at the 
end of the year had a deficiency of £9 8s. 

In 1899, during Mr. Whitaker’s first year of Presidency, the 
deficiency was £17 Is. 2d. 

In 1900, during Mr. Whitaker’s second year, the Club was 
short by £10 6s. 4d. 

In 1901, the first year of my Presidency, we had the very 
small balance of £1 3s.; and last year, 1902, we had again, I 
very much regret to say, a deficiency of £1 5s. 8d. 

By these figures it will be seen that for the last nine years 
the Society financially has had a downward tendency, and the 
various Councils during that period I contend have not taken 
the active steps to remedy it that they should have done. There 
is no doubt that the balance sheet of a society or business is like 
a. barometer ; 1t is the indicator of its surrounding conditions. 
An old society or business wants very careful attention, and 
whenever a falling off in its receipts is noticed, measures should 
at once be taken to check it. There is no whipping up a dead 
horse, and therefore we must not let the horse die. I would 
suggest that the Council request the Honorary Treasurer to 
place before it, at each meeting, a statement of account. 

I am pleased to say that the work done by the Sections, during 
the past twelve months, has been good. 

The Geological Section has been most pleasingly active, and 
I think is entitled to be placed first; then comes the Photo- 
graphic, also very active and doing good and useful work. 

The Scientific Portfolio, I am pleased to say, is now placed 
before the respective Sectional Committees, and any picture of 
local interest is reserved and placed before the Council for its 
final consideration as to its worth for reproduction in the 
‘Transactions.’ This is as it should be, and I hope the Council 


Proceedings. Cxix 


will see its way to reproduce many valuable records which at 
the present time are overlooked. It will also add considerably 
to the interest taken in the ‘ Transactions.’ 

The Anthropological Section has also been holding most 
interesting conversational meetings, which have been fairly well 
attended. 

The Zoological Section has, I am pleased to say, made a start, 
and it is holding its meetings regularly, and Mr. Gower has 
very kindly presented a case of local butterflies, moths, &c., and 
will shortly present the Society with a second case. I hope this 
good example will be followed by other members. These cases 
form a nice nucleus for a larger collection. If all members 
would work for the Society in this spirit, we should soon have a 
Society which would be a credit to Croydon. 

The Botanical Section has been fairly active, more especially 
so during the summer months. The afternoon and evening 
botanical rambles in the neighbourhood during the summer 
months were very successful, and I hope will be renewed during 
the coming summer. 

The Meteorological Section, owing to the unflagging energy 
of Mr. Campbell-Bayard, has kept well up to date. 

Our only weak Section now is the Microscopical, and perhaps, 
under the circumstances, it is as well that the title of our Society 
has been altered, or we should have soon been the laughing-stock 
of the town. 

Our summer excursions were all well attended, and very 
enjoyable days were spent. Particulars of these will be found 
in the ‘ Transactions.’ 

Many of our lectures are now dependent on our lantern, and 
I think the Society is very much indebted to Mr. Baldock for his 
kindness, readiness, and skill in handling the lantern for us, 
which during twelve months entails a great deal of work and 
responsibility. 

A most interesting local discovery has been made this year, 
namely, three subterranean caves, on the Waddon House estate. 
Many may not know that this estate, up to within two years ago, 
was held by our most respected member, the late Mr. Philip 
Crowley, and had he during his occupation known that such 
relics were there he would have been delighted to have had them 
thoroughly opened up and investigated. Your Society, however, 
lost no time in thoroughly searching these caves, but unfor- 
tunately treasures were scarce, and only a few bones, not human, 
and a number of flint flakes and cores made of green-coated 
flints were found, but nothing to make it possible to put any 
definite date on the caves. Some pieces of. Roman pottery were 
found not far from the caves, also an old English spur about 
Elizabeth’s time, and a silver half groat coin; but these finds 


CXX Proceedings. 


were of course only supplementary, and in no way assisted in 
settling the age of the caves. Mr. Clinch thoroughly studied 
and examined this interesting find, and his interesting paper, 
entitled ‘* Recent Discoveries at Waddon,’’ was read at our 
ordinary meeting in October, and will be found published in the 
Society’s ‘ Transactions.’ 

Since our last annual meeting, a Society has been formed in 
Croydon with a title of ‘‘ The Photographic Survey and Record 
of Surrey.’ This Society is in no way antagonistic to ours; at 
the same time I personally am of opinion that, had our Society 
been active and doing its duty in Surrey, and had it been 
collecting and recording everything of interest, as it should have 
been doing, such a survey would not have been called for. Now 
that the Survey has been formed, I am in no way opposed to it; 
at the same time, considering so many of our members have 
joined it, I fear it shows that at the present time there is an 
amount of restlessness even with our own members, and a desire 
to fiy to something new. I must say that I think our Society 
should have been quite capable of doing all that the Surrey 
Survey and Record is prepared to do. Noman can serve two 
masters, and if our members who have joined the Surrey Survey 
and Record are working for it, they cannot be working for the 
Natural History and Scientific Society, as a man has but a 
limited time for recreation. 

One other matter I should like to draw attention to—that is, 
our ‘ Transactions.’ I must allow I was exceedingly disappointed 
with our last year’s volume. It, I regret to find, contained not 
a single paper read during the twelve months at the Society’s 
meetings. Had it not been for the Meteorological Section, which 
supplied two-thirds of its contents, it would have indeed been a 
pitiable volume. As far as I can see, there is no reason for 
this, and if the Society goes to the expense of spending £24 on 
its ‘ Transactions,’ independently of the Meteorological Section’s 
printed matter, it should have the benefit of having all the 
papers read at its meetings placed before it. 

This wants the Council’s careful consideration. I think also 
that the members should not be kept waiting six months before 
receiving their copies. 


Having roughly outlined the work of the Society for the past 
year, I should like to take this opportunity of drawing the 
attention more especially of newly elected members to the past 
history of our Society. 

The Croydon Natural History and Scientific Society has now 
been established thirty-two years. It was in 1870 that the 
Croydon Microscopical Club originated in this way :— 

A gentleman, who I am pleased to say still resides in the 


Proceedings. CXXl 


town, and who is yet a member of the Society, Mr. Henry Long, 
of 182, High Street, was in 1870 a member of the Quekett 
Microscopical Club, and, finding so much time was occupied in 
going to town to attend meetings of that Society at Gower Street, 
conceived it possible that a similar Club might be formed in 
Croydon. He therefore inserted an advertisement in the ‘ Croy- 
don Chronicle,’ addressed to microscopists and others, requesting 
gentlemen who were desirous of joining such a Club to send in 
their names to him at his residence. The response exceeded the 
most sanguine expectations, and as so large a number intimated 
their wish to enrol, it was felt that steps should at once be taken 
to form the Club. ! 

Knowing that Mr. Henry Lee, of The Waldrons, was a 
member of the Royal Microscopical Society, and greatly in- 
terested in scientific and natural history work, Mr. Long wrote 
him asking him for his support, which, after going into particu- 
lars, he readily gave, and further promised to do all in his power 
to advance the welfare of the Club. 

Subsequently a preliminary meeting was held at Mr. Lee’s 
house, to draw up the rules and appoint the Officers and Com- 
mittee, with the result that Mr. Lee was unanimously elected 
the first President, Mr. John Wakham Flower and Mr. H. Long 
being appointed Treasurer and Hon. Secretary respectively. The 
Inaugural Meeting was held at the Public Hall on April 6th, 
1870; and it is perhaps not too much to say that never has a 
provincial society received at its outset such support and en- 
couragement as did ours on that occasion. There were present, 
amongst others, the Rev. J. B. Reade, IF’.R.S. (President of the 
Royal Microscopic Society), Dr. Bowerbank, F.R.S. (one of the 
founders and an early President of that Society), James Glaisher, 
Hsq., F.R.S., Professor Rolleston, F.R.S., Frank Buckland, Esq. 
(Her Majesty’s Inspector of Fisheries), Robt. Hudson, Esq., 
F.R.S., Rev. Thos. Wiltshire, F.L.8., Dr. Millar, F.L.S., and 
Captain Tyler. Mr. Lee occupied the chair, and gave an outline 
of the foundation and aims of the Club. He stated that it 
commenced with upwards of eighty members, including several 
fellows of the leading scientific societies—three of the Royal, 
four of the Linnean, three of the Geological, several of the Royal 
Microscopical, besides members of the ‘‘ Quekett,’’ and he con- 
sidered it one of the most gratifying honours to have been elected 
first President of this hopeful band of workers. 

On the 23rd November, 1870, the first Soirée of the Club was 
held at the Public Hall. This brilliantly successful affair was 
attended by the principal families of Croydon and by several 
persons of distinction, including the Japanese Ambassador, 
members of the Royal and Linnean Societies, Quekett Club, 
and ‘‘ Old Change Microscopic Society.’’ On this occasion tables 


GXXll Proceedings. 


were reserved for makers of optical instruments, of whom a large 
number greatly contributed to the success of the Soirée by the 
exhibition of about seventy-five microscopes. Mr. Lee, in re- 
ferring to this event at the first Annual General Meeting, 
said :—‘‘Our Soirée on the 23rd November last was, as the 
Committee has reported to you, a great success, as showing what 
our Club could do for itself, and the sympathy it enjoyed of 
older societies and scientific friends in London. It met with 
universal commendation, and raised the Club greatly in public 
estimation ’’; and, as you know, this function has ever since 
been regarded as one of the most important and interesting 
fixtures of the Club. As will be seen from the following, it 
steadily grew in public esteem :—In 1874, 172 microscopes were 
exhibited, and 625 persons were present. In 1876, there were 
168 microscopes shown, and 7838 persons present, 281 tickets 
being sold. In 1878, the ninth Soirée, the members still in- 
creased, 173 microscopes were exhibited, and 795 visitors being 
present. During the next eight years (1877 to 1886) the number 
of visitors was still maintained, the largest on record being 893 
in 1885, when 187 microscopes were displayed. 

Since 1886, the numbers, both of microscopes and visitors, 
have shown a decrease, although for the succeeding seven years 
the number of visitors varied between 567 and 690. 

There can be but one opinion, that much of the early success 
of the Club was due to the very efficient manner in which Mr. 
Lee filled the presidential chair, the unflagging zeal he mani- 
fested in its welfare and the tact he displayed, coupled with the 
fact of his intimate acquaintance with eminent men of science, 
whom he made use of to further the interests of the Club. 

At the same time, we must not forget that fashion has great 
weight in the public mind, and at the time our Society was 
formed the microscope was popular, and was to numbers a sort 
of scientific play-toy, in the same way that the camera and the 
phonogram are holding the field of to-day. Drawbacks it had, 
and these, after a few years, exerted themselves to such an 
extent that, as a popular toy, the decline soon set in. Firstly, 
it was an expensive toy, and, secondly, it was one that could 
afford pleasure to only a limited number at one time, then only 
under certain conditions. At the present time the microscope is 
used only where microscopic research and delicate examinations 
have to be made. 

It was chiefly owing to the popularity of the microscope at 
that time that our Society was founded. In those early days, 
at our monthly meetings, eight or ten microscopes were con- 
stantly to be seen, and at our popular November Soirées 150 to 
175 were to be found. Where are they now? 

It cannot be said that Nature’s work has become so coarse and 


< Ba ae 
Se eer 


Proceedings. CXxlll 


uninteresting and so thoroughly well known that it is no longer 
interesting to study her beauties. 

Look for one moment at the most charming, I think, of all 
beauties, the Volvow globator, and watch the easy and graceful 
movements of these little gems of nature as they force their way 
through their watery surroundings, and that idea is soon expelled. 
How these charming little globes of matter gliding about call to 
one’s mind the planets in the ethereal space! 

This change is owing, I fear, to man’s fickle, unstable, and 
changeable nature. 

Look at the worlds of life and exquisite beauty revealed to us 
by the microscope. Look at the work that is before man and 
woman if they are prepared to investigate and learn. Look at 
the beautiful results, at present very little known, that can be 
arrived at under the head of micro-photography, by which these 
beauties can be permanently recorded. There is no doubt a 
iruly scientific man and lover of nature leads a double life; he 
sees beauty in everything, he admires everything, and his seeing 
leads him on a road without an end. The unscientific man 
simply kicks these object of beauty with his foot from his path, 
and seeks only the artificial life of his race. Again, these 
scientific and unscientific natures have their respective influ- 
ences on the rising generation, either for good, which favours all 
forms of life beneath them, or for bad, which is detrimental to 
all forms of life below them. What can be sadder than to see 
boys cruelly torturing or ill-treating animals, pulling down and 
damaging trees, robbing birds’ nests; this is all brought about 
for the reason that their parents, owing to their ignorance of 
natural history, have never been able to interest the young ones 
in the welfare of all forms of life. I feel sure that were the 
Board Schools, in fact all schools, to teach children to love and 
admire all living things around them, and to teach them re- 
specting their individual lives, we should see far less cruelty and 
destructiveness. 

That admirable society, ‘‘the Society for Prevention of Cruelty 
to Animals,’ has done wonderfully good work, and deserves all 
credit ; at the same time it has had to do it by force of the law, 
instead of by the education of the masses to respect and love 
all living things. 

I personally fear the advances of science have been, within 
the last twenty years, far too rapid; invention has followed 
invention like the thunder peals follow one another during a 
storm. The children of the present day become so hardened to 
these continued new inventions and discoveries that they do not 
even trouble themselves about them, and are not taught any- 
thing of the science of the invention. 

Look back only thirty-two years, the age of our Society, and 


CXX1V _ Proceedings. 


we have since that time the Rontgen rays; how few know more 
about them than that by means of their rays you can see the 
bones in a human being, or some coins in a box or purse? Look 
at the absurd comments and suggestions that were made when 
they were first publicly shown, ‘that it would before long be 
possible to see through a nine-inch brick-wall,”’ and other equally 
absurd observations. The masses do not trouble to ask them- 
selves why it is so, or what it is. 

Look, again, at the telephone, or, more wonderful still perhaps, 
the phonograph: what would the world have said thirty years 
ago had anyone been bold enough to prophesy such an inven- 
tion? Think of the wonderful results achieved by Professor 
Dewar in the liquefaction of the gases; also the discovery of the 
new elements helium and argon by Lord Rayleigh. 

Consider the scientific knowledge required to carry a bridge 
across the Firth of Forth. Look at the strides made in advance- 
ment of our knowledge of electricity, both as a means of light 
and motive power. This boon to civilization could only be 
thoroughly appreciated by us by its being removed from us for a 
short time that we might judge by comparison. Look at the 
advances made in astromony. Then lately we have the Marconi 
wireless telegraphy, which is still in its infancy. If in the future 
I could only see it effectually ridding us of the most horrible of 
horribles—I mean the unsightly telegraph-poles that at the pre- 
sent time disfigure every beautiful English country road and 
village—I could not speak too highly in its praise. 

So time brings about changes, and those very rapidly ; and it 
behoves those who do not wish to be left in the background to 
commence running. 

A Society like our own is to the masses at large a great 
benefit, and it is truly puzzling why so few persons avail them- 
selves of the benefits afforded. For a city man has but little 
time to spare, and he wants in that time to combine outdoor 
exercise with a certain scientific knowledge. In a Society like 
our own he is not forced to study any one subject. At the 
present our science is covered by seven sections, and even these 
before long may have to be increased, for we have no astronomi- 
cal or chemical sections. 

But to conclude. I should like to say that in these days even 
men of science love comfort. A man is in his happiest frame of 
mind when his surroundings are comfortable, and it is then he 
is prepared to do his best work. 

A Society like ours should have a suitable suite of rooms; and 
where a Society has a number of sections, it is to my mind 
absolutely necessary that each should have its own room for 
work. 

Our Society, like many others, has had to ride out many 


| 


Proceedings. CXXV 


storms, and she is now having to fight a heavy sea; and it will 
not do to disguise the fact; but it is my sincerest hope that she 
will keep some good pilot at her helm, and active officers to 
support him; they must be bold without being rash, they must 
drive the good ship forward, and not allow her head to turn 
away from the harbour she is fighting for. 

We want new and comfortable premises; also we must in- 
crease our members; this would follow as a result. Lvery 
business man and woman must know that a Society cannot be 
carried on without money, and the question then arises, Are 
there two hundred members in our Society, having, I presume, 
joined with the object of studying science, who are so lukewarm 
in their scientific enthusiasm that they will not find the funds 
necessary to carry out a scheme that they must see is absolutely 
necessary for the existence of their Society ? 

I personally cannot think that is so. If I am mistaken, I 
see our end cannot be long delayed. This would indeed be 
a misfortune after such a long and honourable career as our 
Society has had, and I can only hope that, if such a sad fate 
awaits us, I shall not be one of the responsible officers of the 
Society. 


I should like to take this opportunity of passing my heartiest 
thanks to Mr. Moore for his great assistance during my two 
years of office. A more earnest and hard-working Secretary I 
think our Society has never before had, and I hope for our 
Society’s sake he will continue long to hold the office of Hon. 
Secretary. I also tender my thanks to all the individual 
members of Council for the kind and sympathetic way they have 
always met me. 

I have now only one duty to perform, and that is to vacate 
this chair, and to call upon our new President, Mr. Bayard, to 
accept it. 


Summary of Proceedings. 


EXCURSIONS. 


April 19th.—This excursion was well attended. Five ladies 
and nine gentlemen met at South Croydon station, and walked 
over the top of Croham Hurst to Selsdon Road and by the foot- 
path to Sanderstead Church, where some good photographs were 
obtained. Walked by the disputed footpath (since closed) over 
Purley Downs to Purley Oaks, where, by the kind permission of 
Mr. Chandler, we were allowed to photograph some of the fine 
old pollard oaks. 


May 10th.—To Leatherhead, Fetcham, vid Norbury Park and 
Mickleham, to Burford Bridge. Only three members attended. 


CXXV1 Proceedings. 


The route was almost entirely by footpaths as set out in one 
of Walker Miles’s series, and was much enjoyed by those present. 
It was not very successful photographically, owing to the weather. 


May 81st.—To Keston. For an account of this excursion, see 
Anthropological Section. 


June 14th.—To join the Geologists’ Association to the Valley 
of the Mole, Brockham, Reigate, and Redhill. 


June 26th.—To Ashdown Forest. As it was expected that this 
day would be a holiday, on account of the Coronation, a whole- 
day excursion was arranged for the western part of Ashdown 
Forest. 

Twenty-six members and their friends went in all, two or three 
cycling to East Grinstead. Unfortunately five or six were not 
with the main party, which had to take an earlier train than 
expected, on very short warning, from the dislocation of the 
usual time-table, due to the expected Coronation. 

We alighted at West Hoathly, intending to work round to 
Forest Row, and thence on to take tea at the Railway Hotel, 
Hast Grinstead. The day proved gloriously fine, an east wind 
tempering the sun’s power. 

Proceeding eastwards to the cross-roads, a mile from Wych 
Cross, nearly all the party made a detour southwards across the 
common, past the house being erected by Major Darwin. Here 
a deep but waterless well in the Hastings sands was inspected. 
Proceeding on, a visit was made to Divall’s Farm in Birchgrove. 
In the well there, is a beautiful growth of ferns, including Lastrea 
Filia-mas, L.dilatata, Asplenium Trichomanes, A. Adiantum-nigrum, 
and Scolopendrium vulgare, with var. multifidum. The other ferns 
found during the day are included in the subjoined list, nine in 
all. Lastrea spinulosa, also, was obtained this year close to the 
route followed, and also Lycopodiwm Selago. The latter was 
searched for unsuccessfully, the young shoots of heather render- 
ing it very inconspicuous. L. clavatum was seen growing more 
luxuriantly than any of us had previously seen it in the southern 
counties, covering several yards of ground. For the subjoined 
list we are indebted mainly to Dr. Franklin Parsons. Perhaps 
the most interesting occurrence is that of Wahlenbergia hederacea, 
the ivy-leaved campanula, though with flower-buds unopened. 
Mr. Harry D. Gower has also supplied the following list of 
insects of special interest :— 

Odonata or Dragonflies :—P. depressa, C. virgo, A. puella, A. mer- 
curiale (captured by Mr. Nash and handed to me), P. minimum, P. 
vulgatum. Butterflies :—A. selene, H. cardamines. 

Working our way past Press Ridge Warren (part of the 
extensive property of D. W. Freshfield, Esq., to whom we were 


{ 


Proceedings. CXXVil 


indebted for special and free permission to explore where we 
wished), we had an acceptable halt for lunch under the Scotch 
fir clump, between the road-fork at Wych Cross. After this 
the Forest Row road was followed a short way to the fine quarry 
(Hastings sand) in the Hindleap Warren estate, said to produce 
the finest building stone in Sussex. A long and charming 
ramble through this and the Kidbrooke estate brought us near 
Forest Row. Most branched off here to Brambletye Hall, the 
ruins of an early seventeenth century castellated building. The 
chief part left is the fine gateway. This party walked on to 
East Grinstead, having traversed some eleven miles in all. 
Here twenty-four of us took tea together. Afterwards the 
interesting timbered buildings of the town were inspected, and 
the fine old college, also of the seventeenth century. Close by 
here the Cowden road passes through a picturesque cutting in 
the Tunbridge Wells sandstones. Our train finally brought us 
back to Croydon soon after eight, or nearly twelve hours from 
the time we had left in the morning.—J. Hpmunp Crark. 

Plants observed at West Hoathly, Ashdown Forest, Bramble- 
tye, and East Grinstead, June 26th, 1902. (Dr. Franklin 
Parsons’s list, with one or two additions) :— 


Ranunculus peltatus, R. Lenormands, R&R. sardous = hirsutus, 
Nymphea lutea, Polygala depressa? = serpyllacea, Hypericum hu- 
mifusum, H. elodes, Genista anglica, Lathyrus Nissolia, Rubus plr- 
catus, Galhium Wrtheringu, Hieracuwm murorum, Wahlenbergra 
hederacea, Symphytum officinale, Saha ambigua = repens x aurita, 
Habenaria bifolia, Aluum ursinuwm, Carex vulpina, C. flava, C. fulva, 
C. vesicaria, Polypodium vulgare, Lomaria spicant, Aspleniwm T11- 
chomanes, A. Adiantum-mgrum, Athyrium Filia-fenina, Scolopen- 


drvum vulgare, Lastrea Filix-mas, L. Oreopteris, L. dilatata, Hqui- 


setum lumosum, Lycopodium clavatum, Agaricus on Sphagnum, 
Boletus elegans, Polyporus betulinus, Aicudium Tragopogonis. 
Noted in district last April :—Lastrea spinulosa, Lycopodium Selago. 


July 5th.—The party went by the 2.386 train from Hast 
Croydon to Betchworth, and in the enforced absence of Mr. 
Salmon, who was to have been the conductor, the lead was taken 
by Mr. Whitaker, who happened to have brought the six-inch 
map. A change was made in the proposed route, and the walk 
was taken along the foot of the great Chalk escarpment. About 
a quarter of a mile northward of Betchworth station a pit was 
seen in the bottom beds of the Chalk through to the Upper 
Greensand, the firestone of the latter being worked in a gallery ; 
but the junction of the two formations was not seen. 

North-eastward the pit at Buckland Lime Works was seen, 
with the junction of the Middle and Lower Chalk. 

The chief botanical occurrences noted were the frequence of 
the bee-orchis along the foot of the Buckland Hills, and the 


CXXV1li Proceedings. 


plentiful growth of the wild strawberry, giving rise to an industry 
not before noticed. Some little girls were seen gathering the 
fruit, and they told us that they came out regularly (from a 
neighbouring farm) to get it for cooking. 

A quarry at the foot of Colley Hill, showing small faults in 
the Upper Greensand, was seen, and then Reigate was reached, 
and a welcome tea consumed. After this, on the way to the 
station, a walk was taken through the Castle grounds, and the 
rich flower-beds of this beautiful public garden were much 
admired. 


July 18th.—To Caterham, Haliloo Valley, and Worms Heath. 
For account of this excursion, see Botanical Committee Report. 


July 19th.—To Oxted and Barrow Green. 


Sept. 18th.—Fungus foray to Limpsfield, Squerries Park, and 
Westerham. (See Botanical Committee Report.) 


Eventnc MEETINGS. 


Feb. 18th.— Mr. W. Marriott, of the Royal Meteorological 
Society, gave an address on ‘ Rainfall.”’ 


March 18th.—On this evening Dr. Vaughan Cornish, D.Sc., 
V.G.5., F.C.8., F.R.G.S., was to have given a lecture on ‘‘ Waves 
in Water, Snow and Sand,” but was prevented by illness. Mr. 
Fawcett gave an account of Rambles in the Alps, illustrated by 
numerous lantern-slides. 


April 15th.—Mr. J. O. Pelton, Member of the Japan Society, 
read a paper on ‘‘ The Japanese Sword-blade, its History and its 
Legends,” illustrated by a large collection of specimens. (See 
Trans., Art. 2.) 


May 27th.—Mr. W. Murton Holmes read a paper on the 
‘“‘ Foraminifera of the Gault at Merstham,”’ illustrated by lantern- 
slides. (See Trans., Art. 3.) 


Sept. 16th.—This evening was devoted to accounts by members 
of excursions made during the recess, and exhibition of speci- 
mens, with descriptions. 


Oct. 21st—Mr. G. Clinch, F'.G.8., read a paper on ‘‘ The 
Recent Discoveries at Waddon,’’ illustrated by lantern-slides. 
(See Trans., Art. 4.) 


Nov. 18th.—Mr. W. F. Stanley, F.G.S., &c., contributed a 
paper on “‘ Kxamples of perfect Flint Implements of the First 
Dynasty of Egypt’’; and two early mirrors in copper found in 
recent excavations at Abydos. (See Trans., Art. 5.) 


Proceedings. CXXIX 


Dr. Parsons read papers on ‘‘ The Flora of Hayes Common ”’ 
(see Trans., Art. 6), and ‘‘Some Notes on the Flora of the 
Kastern Border of Dartmoor’”’ (see Trans., Art. 7). 


Dec. 16th.—The President, Mr. James Epps, Jun., F.L.S., 
gave a popular lecture entitled ‘‘A Trip to the West Indies,” illu- 
strated by numerous slides and specimens. (See Trans., Art. 8.) 


On Nov. 25th the President, Mr. James Epps, Jun., gave a 
Soirée at the Pembroke Hall, the following account of which is 
taken from the ‘ Croydon Chronicle ’ :— 


‘‘A large company assembled at the Pembroke Hall, on Tuesday 
last, in response to the invitation of the Society for their Annual 
Soirée—an event which is always anticipated with keenest interest. 
The customary exhibits were, this year, of a rather more comprehen- 
sive nature than was the case last year, when the main idea was to 
localise the interest to Croydon and district; though, on this occasion, 
the latter feature was by no means overlooked. Hence, at the very 
entrance door, was an exhibit by Dr. F. H. Parsons, consisting of cut 
flowers, numbering no less than one hundred and thirty-four species 
and varieties gathered during the day, in the open air, and in the 
neighbourhood of Addiscombe. Again, special interest centered round 
the relics from the recently discovered Waddon Caves, consisting of 
several cores and chips of green-coated flints, together with fragments 
of Romano:British pottery and mammalian bones. Dr. Hogg also 
showed a fine range of flint implements (axes, scrapers, and hammers) 
discovered in Croydon district. The Microscopic Section was again 
very strong—the membership of Mr. W. F. Stanley, of London Bridge 
Approach, doubtless influencing the endeavour to attain front rank in 
this department. Mr. J. O. Pelton exhibited a case of small, but very 
beautifully carved Japanese ‘ Netsuke’ ivory figures, chiefly emble- 
matic and illustrative of native legend; whilst Mr. Jas. Epps, Jun. 
(President of the Society), amongst other things, contributed Japanese 
miniature growing trees (not exceeding two feet high), but upwards of 
thirty or forty years old. Mr. W. Murton Holmes showed a very 
interesting exhibit, including a splendidly complete range of Spirifera 
of the Upper Silurian and Carboniferous ages. Mr. N. F. Robarts’s 
collection of stone, arrow, and spear-heads and pottery antiquities 
from old London excited much interest. A very cosmopolitan and 
much appreciated collection was that of Dr. Male, including a speci- 
men of flying fox from Queensland, young alligators and eggs from 
Florida, and edible birds’ nests from China. Mr. H. C. Collyer dis- 
played some interesting examples of African native beadwork, and 
some especially clever specimens of Kskimo handicraft; and Mr. E. 
Lovett, a model Alpine garden. 

‘CA great feature of these annual soirées is the lantern entertain- 
ment by Mr. Baldock, from selected slides prepared by members of 
the Photographic Section of the Society. These slides are always of 
special excellence; but a new departure was made this year, in that 
some specimens were shown of colour photography, by the Lumiére 
N. A. Co., with astonishingly beautiful result. 

‘The musical portion of the programme was efficiently carried out 
under the direction of Mr. A. M. Reeves, L.R.A.M.” 

c 


CXXX Proceedings. 


Reports of Sections for 1902. 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL AND ARCHEOLOGICAL CoMMITTEE. 


During the past year there have been six meetings of the Committee 
and six meetings of the Section. There was also a special informal 
meeting of the Committee on July 8th for the purpose of discussing 
and comparing notes as to the important discovery of underground 
chambers at Waddon. This matter has been of considerable interest 
to this Section, as well as to the Society generally, and has had the 
effect of stimulating research in the special work of the Section. A 
paper on the subject, illustrated by lantern-slides and specimens, was 
read before the Society in October last, and a large audience assembled 
to hear it. This paper appears in the present part of the Society’s 
‘ Transactions.’ 

An excursion under the direction of this Section was made in May 
last to Keston and the neighbourhood, when the members inspected 
Roman masonry at War Bank, and some of Saxon or early Norman 
workmanship at Keston Church. A good many neolithic implements 
were collected by some of the members from the surface of the fields. 

The following gentlemen have exhibited objects at the sectional 
meetings :—Messrs. Collyer, Gower, Hogg, Lovett, Moore, Robarts, 
Slack, Tarver, Voss, and Clinch. 

It is highly satisfactory to be able to report a substantial increase 
in the number of members attending the meetings, as well as an 
equally important improvement in the number and character of the 
exhibits. It has been arranged that a special subject shall be selected 
a month in advance for each meeting, and recently the subject has 
been announced in the monthly circular. This plan has been found 
very useful, because it enables all the members to focus their efforts 
upon a particular subject on the same evening, and the result is that 
many objects are brought for exhibition which assist very materially 
in illustrating the particular subject agreed upon. The following are 
some of the subjects which have been discussed in this way :—Scrapers 
of the Stone age and their modern representatives; hammerstones ; 
neolithic hoes and other agricultural tools ; primitive pottery. 

Substantial progress has been made with the work of marking the 
archeological map of Surrey. The chief palexolithic, neolithic, and 
bronze age discoveries have been marked, and it is proposed to proceed 
with the Roman and Anglo-Saxon remains early in the New Year.— 
GEORGE CiincH, Hon. Sec. 


Botanica CoMMITTEE. 


The Botanical Committee have to report that progress has been 
made in the investigation of the flora of some of the commons near 
Croydon, though the observers who have undertaken the enumeration 
of the plants of other of these commons have been unable for one 
reason or another to make any further additions to the figures recorded 
in our last report. The numbers now stand:—Shirley Hills, 174; 
Croham Hurst, 253; Mitcham Common, 461; Riddlesdown, 167; 


Proceedings. CXXX1 


Hayes and West Wickham Commons, 321; Keston Common, 265; 
Duppas Hill, 69; Worms Heath, 43. 

A preliminary report on the flora of Hayes Common was read by 
Dr. Parsons at the general meeting of the Society on Tuesday, 
Nov. 18th, 1902, at which meeting a paper was also read by the same 
author, ‘“‘On the Flora of the Eastern Border of Dartmoor’’ (see 
Trans., Articles 6 and 7). 


Among the general excursions of the Society, those which possessed 
especial botanical interest were the following :— 

June 26th (Thursday, Coronation Day). All-day excursion to Ash- 
down Forest. Conductor, Mr. J. Edmund Clark, B.A., B.Sc. 

July 12th (Saturday). Caterham, Haliloo Valley, and Worms 
Heath. Conductor, Mr. H. T. Mennell, F.L.S. 

Sept. 13th (Saturday). Fungus foray. Limpsfield and Squerries 
Park, Westerham. Conductors, Dr. H. Franklin Parsons and Mr. G. 
W. Moore. 


Botanical Hacursion on July 12th to Caterham, Haliloo Valley, — 
Warlingham. (Leader, Henry T. MENNELL, F'.L.8.)—The party of 
seventeen detrained at Caterham, and walked by the road across the 
fields to Haliloo Valley. In the woods above the valley the large 
helleborine (Cephalanthera grandiflora) was gathered. The bee 
orchis (Ophrys apifera) was abundant on the banks below the wood, 
though somewhat past its best: no other orchises were observed. The 
small bushes of sweet briar in full bloom were numerous, and the 
special rarity of the valley, Lathyrus hirsutus, was gathered in 
beautiful condition. Another Surrey rarity, Phytewma orbiculare, 
was found in some plenty. Other plants gathered were Hypericum 
hirsutum and perforatum, Echium vulgare, Calamintha Acinos. 

Tea was provided at Warlingham, after which most of the party 
returned to Croydon by train. Two members walked back to Croydon 
by way of Farleigh Green, where Veronica longifolia was found 
growing on the margin of a small enclosed pond in full bloom. It is 
of course not a British plant, but seemed well established. The well- 
known locality of the Surrey rarity, Teuwcriwm Botrys, was visited. 
The plant was found in great profusion. Mr. Mennell, who has known 
the locality well since its first discovery by Mr. John Flower, has never 
seen it in such plenty. An interesting rose of the Rwbiginosa (sweet 
briar) section, named by Mr. A. Bennett Rosa micrantha variety 
Hystriz, was also found in the hedge in the same field. 


The last excursion of the season was the annual fungus hunt, which 
took place on Sept. 13th under the leadership of Dr. Parsons and Mr. 
G. W. Moore. The day was very fine though cold, and there was a 
good attendance. The route taken was a very picturesque one—from 
Oxted station by Limpsfield, across Limpsfield and Chart Commons, 
and through Chart Woods and Squerries Park to Westerham, return- 
ing thence in conveyances. Permission to visit Squerries Park had 
been kindly given by Col. Warde. Owing to the cool, rainy season, 
vegetation still retained its full verdure, and there was little sign of 
autumn in the landscape. For the same reason the woodland kinds of 
fungi were plentiful compared with what they have been in the dry 
Seasons experienced during several past years, though the species 

c2 


CXXX1 Proceedings. 


frequenting open pastures had not yet, for the most part, made their 
appearance. 

Among flowering plants, the following were the more noteworthy 
species observed :— 

Jastone montana (sheepsbit), sand-pit at Limpsfield. 

Tanacetum vulgare (tansy), + 

Mentha Pulegium (pennyroyal), dry pond on Limpsfield Common. 

M. satwa (wild mint), af a 

M. hirsuta = reg in Squerries Park. 

Bidens cernua (bur-marigold), % 

Scutellarva galericulata (larger skullcap), ,, 

Of fungi, about thirty-two species were observed, among which may 
be mentioned Polyporus fraxineus, on old ash trees at Limpsfield and 
Squerries Park; P. giganteus and P. sulfwreus, on dead beech trees 
in Squerries Park—the former growing in large brown imbricated 
masses ; Agaricus murinaceus ; and Hydnum repandum. 

A selection of the specimens found was exhibited at the ordinary 
meeting on Sept. 16th. 


In addition to the general excursions, three evening rambles of 
the Botanical Section were held as follows. (Reports are by the 
leaders) :— 

The first took place on Thursday, May 15th, under the guidance of 
Dr. Parsons, and was well attended, notwithstanding the damp and 
gloomy weather. The route taken was from Purley Station by Reed- 
ham to Wellcombe Woods, Coulsdon, returning by Hayes Lane and 
Kenley. The geological formations over which it lay were the valley 
gravel and the chalk; on the former the flora presented no special 
feature, but on the latter it contained a number of characteristic lime- 
loving plants, as the rock rose, the hairy violet, the small burnet, &c. 
Owing to the exceptionally cold weather which had been experienced 
during the preceding three weeks, vegetation was very backward for 
the time of year, the oaks only beginning to show leaf, and the ashes 
being even less advanced. 

Among the plants found, the following may be noted, viz. Geranium 
pyrenaicum, the comfrey (Symphytwm officinale), Lamwwm Gale- 
obdolon, Lychnis dioica, Orchis mascula, Listera ovata, Pyrus Arca, 
buckthorn, cowslip, and Hesperis matronalis; the last a garden 
escape. The secluded valley is sufficiently removed from the deleteri- 
ous influence of town smoke to permit the growth of lichens upon the 
tree-trunks, and upon some ash trees in Wellcombe Lane about eight 
species, several with fructification (apothecia), were observed. 


The second ramble of the Section, under the guidance of Mr. J. E. 
Clark, B.A., B.Sc., and Dr. Parsons, took place on June 19th, and was 
well attended. Meeting at South Croydon, the party first devoted 
their attention to an old disused chalk-pit near the end of Croham 
Lane. Here were found an uncommon species of St. John’s wort 
(Hypericwm montanum), and the mullein (Verbascum Thapsus). The 
Hypericum still grows in considerable quantity in the chalk-pit, though 
it has now disappeared from its former locality in the adjoining lane. 
Hard by, in the short turf, on a piece of dry sandy ground near the 
entrance to Ballards Lane, were found a large variety of dwarf plants, 


Proceedings. CXXxii 


chiefly annuals, such as Sisymbrium Thalianum, Sagina apetala, 
several species of clover (among them Trifolium subterraneum and 
T. stratum), the bird’s-foot trefoil (Ornithopus perpusillus), Alche- 
milla arvensis, Taraxacum erythrospermum, Myosotis collina, and 
the grasses Aira precox and caryophyllea. Owing to the wetness of 
the season, fungi were plentiful for the time of year, among those 
observed being Agaricus petasatus—a large species growing on saw- 
dust in a saw-pit; A. precow, plentiful and very variable in form and 
size; Peziza rutilans, with orange cups, growing on the sandy soil ; 
ae ine cluster cup Aicidiwm Tusstlaginis, parasitic on the leaves of 
coltsfoot. 


The third botanical ramble of the season was from Waddon, by the 
river Wandle, to Beddington, the conductor being Mr. Henry T. 
Mennell, F.L.8. On Thursday evening, July 17th, a party of about 
fifteen were met at Waddon station by our fellow-member, Mr. N. 
Waterall, who most kindly escorted them through his beautiful garden, 
with its large ornamental water, in which the main head-springs of 
the Wandle take their rise. In this water many small aquatic plants 
were found, notably Ranunculus circinatus, distinguished by the 
absence of floating leaves, and having the segments of the submerged 
ones arranged in a flat plane with circular outline; Apiwm nodiflorum; 
Anacharis Alsinastrum (Hlodea canadensis); Callitriche verna ; 
Lemna minor; the water moss, Fontinalis antupyretica. Large 
numbers of the handsome larve of a sawfly, green with black spots in 
the centre of the body, with orange tail and head, were noticed on the 
willows by the edge of the water. Proceeding along the Wandle 
towards Beddington, Spirea ulmaria, Siwm erectum, Bidens tripar- 
tita, Myosotis palustris, Veronica anagallis, Sparganium ramosum, 
Hpilobium larsutum, EH. parvifoliwm, and the grasses Glyceria 
aquatica and fluitans and Phalaris arundinacea were noted, and also 
Carex riparia. 

From Beddington Church the party returned through the fields to 
Waddon. Large yellow patches of Galiwm verum were conspicuous, 
and of unusually large size. The plants noticed on waste ground in 
Beddington Park and elsewhere were Senecio aquaticus, Chrysan- 
themum segetum and Leucanthemum. On walls at Beddington were 
Parietaria officinalis, Arenaria serpyllifolia, Sedum acre. Specimens 
of Impatiens parviflora gathered on the Waldrons were brought by 
one of the party. 


The following have been the chief meteorological characteristics of 
the year 1902 in relation to vegetation. As regards aggregate amount 
of rainfall, the year has been a remarkably dry one. There have been 
few heavy falls, and the total rainfall has been about a third below the 
average. But, on the other hand, rain, though in small amount, has 
fallen on a large number of days; in fact, according to observations 
made by Dr. Parsons at Park Hill Rise of the ten years 1893-1902, 
the year just ended is that which had the smallest total rainfall and 
the largest number of wet days. The wettest months were May, June, 
and August, and there was no prolonged drought, such as those which 
have parched up vegetation.in the summers of several preceding years. 
There were only a few days of great heat in the end of June and at the 


CXXX1V Proceedings. 


middle of July; and there has been much cool cloudy weather. 
January began mild and dry; but in the last week a period of frost 
with dry cold winds set in, which lasted a month and checked all 
vegetation. The average time of appearance of the early spring garden 
flowers was about eight days behind that in the nine years 1893-1901. 
The frost, however, was not continuous, nor was it of very great 
severity, 15° F. being the lowest, not enough to kill back laurels and 
other shrubs of an ordinary hardiness, although there was but little 
snow to protect them. The last week of February and the month of 
March were mild, with a fair amount of rain and more favourable to 
erowth. April was dry, often cloudy, and with much cold N. and E. 
wind. May and the greater part of June were very cold and stormy, 
though the last week of June was fine and hot. The trees were very 
late in coming into leaf, the oaks and ashes scarcely being in full leaf 
at the end of May. There were several frosts in April and May, 
which, with the cold blighting winds, did much damage to the blossoms 
of the fruit trees, and except as regards strawberries the year was a 
bad fruit year. The corn crops, too, which in the earlier part of the 
year had looked very well, were much damaged by the continuance of 
cold weather; and the hop crop was almost a failure. July was 
generally dry ; it was cool and cloudy at the beginning and end, but 
there were some fine warm days towards the middle. A gale on 
July 26th did much damage to trees and hops. August was cold and 
wet. The potato disease made its appearance early in the month, and 
was more destructive than for a number of years past. September 
was cool and dry, except for a heavy thunderstorm on the 10th, which, 
however, was extremely partial in its distribution, two inches of rain 
and more having fallen at some places in the neighbourhood of 
Croydon, while at others not many miles distant only a few hundredths 
or none at all fell. Fungi were fairly plentiful as compared with the 
dry seasons of some recent years. October was cool and cloudy, with 
frequent rainfall in small amount and absence of frost. Owing doubt- 
less to the cool damp season and absence of frost, the trees—as oaks, 
elms, and ashes—which had been very late in coming into leaf in the 
spring, retained their foliage late into the autumn; away from the 
influence of the towns little sign of autumnal colour was to be seen in 
the foliage until the end of September, but later on the colouring was 
finer than usual. 'The first half of November and the last week were 
mild and stormy ; but between the 15th and 22nd was a week of cold 
dry weather with cutting N.E. winds and frost, which destroyed all 
the tender garden flowers which had remained in bloom up till then. 
Nevertheless, at the Annual Soirée of the Society on Nov. 25th, the 
collection of flowers gathered in the open air was a fairly good one in 
point of numbers, 134 kinds being shown as against 170 and 151 kinds 
in the mild autumns of 1897 and 1899, and 382 in the severe one of 
1901. The earlier part of December—drd-12th—was dry with cold 
N.E. wind; but the latter half of the month was mostly fine and mild, 
with occasional storms. On Dec. 81st thirteen species of plants were 
in flower at Oakhyrst, Park Hill Rise, viz. primrose, auricula, sweet 
violet, winter jasmine, Petasites fragrans, Laurustinus, Crocus hye- 
malis and speciosus, Helleborus niger and albifolius, Escallonia 
macrantha, Potentilla verna, and Calendula officinalis. Mr. J. E. 
Clark noted twenty-three species of wild plants as in flower near 
Croydon on December 25th—28th. 


Proceedings. CXXXV 


The Committee regret that there were no competitors for the prize 
offered by Dr. Hobson for the best botanical collection. The collection 
was to be limited to one hundred species, dried and mounted by the 
collector, the correctness of the nomenclature and quality of the 
specimens as illustrative of the habits and character of the plants 
being taken into account. 


GEOLOGICAL COMMITTEE. 


The Committee of the Geological Section beg to report that there 
have been held nine Committee meetings, nine sectional meetings, 
and two excursions. The average attendance at the Committee 
meetings has been five, and at the sectional meetings twelve, against 
five and nine, respectively, last year. 

A few photographs of sections and some crayon sketches of geological 
interest have been added to the Section’s album. The Committee 
would be glad if members would endeavour to procure more photo- 
graphs for this purpose, so as to make a valuable permanent record of 
geological interest. 

A few records of new sections have been made. The Committee 
would also call the attention of members to the value of these. 

The excursions during the year have been as follows :— 

May 2nd.—To the new railway-cutting of the S. EK. & C. QR. at 
Chislehurst in conjunction with the Geologists’ Association. The 
party were conducted over the works by Mr. Osman, and had an 
admirable view of the exposures of the Oldhaven beds. 

May 26th.—To the railway-cutting at Thornton Heath, L. B. & 
S. C. R.’s goods yard, when about twenty members and friends were 
present. A good exposure was shown of Oldhaven sands with the 
junction of the London clay, containing green-coated pebbles at base. 
Some successful photographs were taken by Dr. Hobson. 

‘‘The Geological Section of the Croydon Natural History and 
Scientific Society met at Thornton Heath Station on Monday evening, 
to examine the strata exposed in the new railway works near the 
station. Mr. Whitaker, F.R.S., explained the strata exposed, which 
consisted of Oldhaven sands, the surface of which had been eroded 
before the deposition of the London clay, the basement bed of which, 
with the customary pebbles derived from the Oldhaven series, was 
well seen. No fossils were found, though in the original railway- 
cutting shelly sandstone was found when the line was first made. 
Above the basement-bed of the London clay, the clay appeared to be 
made up of wash from the higher ground, being mixed with a few 
later flints and pebbles. The upper gravel terrace of the Wandle was 
seen, in parts, overlaying the clay, at a height of about 160 feet above 
Ordnance datum.” 


Musrum ComMItTTEz. 


The Committee are pleased to be able to report that the additions 
to the Loan Museum have been considerably in excess of those re- 
ceived during the previous year. This has been largely owing to the 
number of objects found in the Waddon caves, although a large pro- 
portion of the objects found were of similar character. 


CXXXV1l Proceedings. 


The following members of the Society—Messrs. Geo. Clinch, F.G.S. 
J. Epps, Jun., H. D. Gower, W. M. Hobson, W. M. Holmes, A. J. 
Hoge, H. C. Male, M.D., G. W. Moore, and N. F. Robarts, F.G.S., 
together with the Croydon Land Co., Ld., and Mr. J. A. Smith, who 
are not members—have presented to the Society the objects they found 
at the Waddon caves and on the Waddon neolithic floor, and the 
Committee will therefore be able to keep these interesting collections 
intact as a permanent record of this discovery of the works of pre- 
historic man. 

The late Mr. Willoughby Mullins has presented to the Society a 
collection of Serpentine and other rocks. 

Specimens of various kinds have also been lent to the Museum by 
Messrs. J. M. Hobson, M.D., W. M. Holmes, H. Franklin Parsons, 
M.D., E. A. Martin, F.G.S., H. T. Mennell, F.L.8., N. F. Robarts, 
F.G.S., W. Whitaker, B.A., F.R.S., &c., members, and by Messrs. R. 
Donkin, E. A. Hansor, and F. Burfoot, who are not members. 

The Committee desire to express their thanks to the members and 
others named who have given and lent objects to the Museum. 

Although the Croydon County Council did not see their way last 
year to accept the Society’s offer to co-operate in forming a Museum 
at Grange Wood, your Committee understand the Council have since 
accepted a gift of various objects from Mr. J. Chisholm, a member of 
this Society, and have agreed to go to some cost in arranging same for 
exhibition at Grange Wood. 

The Committee have pleasure in stating that the public seem to 
continue to show considerable interest in the objects displayed in the 
Loan Museum at the Town Hall, and they hope that the Society will 
take steps to further increase and arrange the Society’s own Museum. 


PHotToGRAPHIC COMMITTEE. 


The season from January, 1902-38 has, on the whole, been a success- 
fulone. The use of the dark room and enlarging lantern, judging 
from the entries made in the dark room book, has been quite up to the 
average. 

The following are the most important papers read before the 
Section :—Demonstration of Wellington & Ward’s Bromide Papers, by 
Mr. K. Human; The Development of unknown Exposures, by Mr. J. 
H. Baldock; Demonstration on Decorative Photography, by Mr. W. 
W. Welford; The Production of various Tones in Lantern-slides, by 
Mr. A. P. Hoole; Demonstration of the Rotograph Co’s Papers, by 
Mr. W. A. Sims; Demonstration of Messrs. Houghton’s Exhibits, by 
Mr. Wardall; Demonstration of the Lumiére Colour Process; Visit to 
the Works of Messrs. Waddington’s, Ltd., Croydon; Development of 
Lantern-slides and after-Treatment, by Toning, &c., by Mr. Hoole. 

The following circulated papers were also read before the Section :— 
‘Home Portraiture,’ R. P. 8.; ‘Life and Work of George Tinworth,’ 
R. P.8.; ‘Photographic News’ Prize Slides; ‘Photography’ Prize 
Slides; ‘What can be done with a Hand Camera,’ by C. P. Goerz; 
‘Telephotography,’ R. P. 8.; ‘Focal Plane Shutter and its Manage- 
ment,’ R. P. S.; ‘The Beginnings of Photography: The Photogram.’ 

The excursions during the summer were held at:—Leatherhead and 
pare Bridge; Ashdown Forest; Betchworth, and other interesting 
places. 


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Proceedings. CXXXV11 


In conclusion, I might mention especially that the most appreciated 
demonstrations during the season were those of Mr. Waddington on 
process block work; Messrs. The Lumiére Co. on colour photography ; 
and last, but not least, those of Mr. Baldock, who, since September, 
has acted as Chairman of the Section—a luxury the Section had not, 
I think, previously possessed ; and also for kindly working the lantern 
whenever it was required. To him the thanks of the Section must 
be given for all the time he spends to their advantage, and for the 
ready help and advice he is always willing to give to those who 
require it. 

A second competition was held, at the suggestion of the President, 
for the selection of three pictures to be reproduced in the Society’s 
‘ ‘Transactions.’ The prizes were awarded to Mr, E. Fawssett for a 
fine ‘Interior of Lincoln Cathedral”; to Mr. J. H. Baldock, F.C.S., 
for ‘‘ Houghton Mill on the Ouse”; and to the President (Mr. J. 
Epps, Jun.) for photograph of the orchid Stanhopea eburnea. —C. L. 
FauntTHorPE, Hon. Sec. [These three photographs are reproduced. | 


ZOOLOGICAL COMMITTEE. 


During the past year seven meetings of the Zoological Section have 
been held. The specimens exhibited have been numerous and varied. 
Quarter-hour talks have been given by Messrs. H. D. Gower, Dr. 
Franklin Parsons, Mr. W. Murton Holmes, and the Hon. Secretary. 
Two insect cases have been presented to the Section by J. Epps, Esq., 
President, and these are now being filled. 

On Jan. 28th the following objects were exhibited :—Cocoons and 
imago of Plus1a moneta (golden ear), taken and exhibited by Mr. H. 
D. Gower in his garden in Croydon. This:moth, which was first taken 
at Purley, and which was for some years a rarity, has since been 
recorded from many counties.— Dragonflies from Brighton (Sympetrum 
striolata), caught at the end of October. The specimens were spoken 
of in the ‘ Daily Mail,’ and Mr. H. D. Gower communicated with the 
finder in order to ascertain the species.—Mr. Gower also exhibited a 
pair of dragonflies (Agrion puella); and Paludina complanatus from 
Beddington.—Mr. HE. A. Martin exhibited a piece of native sponge, 
organ-pipe coral (Tapipora musica), and a worn section of a large 
Voluta from the Canary Islands (Las Palmas); also various opercula 
of Turbinide from the Quarantine Island (Melbourne).—Conversation 
followed on (1) the question of the choice of nests by the cuckoo, 
and (2) the gulls of the Thames, St. James’s Park, &c. 

On Feb. 25th the Chairman showed a large specimen of the swan 
mussel (Anodonta cygnea), remarkable by the great convexity of the 
valves; specimens of Helix nemoralis (one- to five-banded varieties), 
one of which was sinistrorsal; this was 2-banded, and came from near 
the Highgate Archway. — Mr. Gower showed lace-wing nymphs and 
photo of same; also ladybirds with black spots and lines on a yellow 
background.—Mr. Martin showed specimens of Helia punctata from 
Las Palmas. — Mr. Townend showed opercula of a large size (? of 
Turbo) from Singapore. — Miss Parsons exhibited a series of shells 
collected in the neighbourhoods of Croydon and Selborne, Hants.— 
Mr. Murton Holmes exhibited Aphrodite aculeata (sea-mouse) from 
Portsmouth, A. hystricella from Weymouth, and Scalpellum vulgare 


See eS 


CXXXVIl1 Proceedings. 


from Jersey. — Dr. Parsons showed star-fishes and sea-urchins— 
Opliura texturata, Bangor; Asterina gibbosa, Bangor; Solaster 
papposus, Bangor; Ophiocoma rosula, Bangor. Also Amphidotus 
cordatus, Southport, an urchin much resembling in general form the 
chalk fossil, Micraster cor-anguinum ; EHchinus purpureus, Herm, 
with spines attached; and Uraster rubens, Bangor. 

On March 25th Miss Klaassen exhibited the cast skin of a newt, 
which had been carefully pressed under glass. — Mr. A. Tarver ex- 
hibited darts of Helix pomatia; also damaged shells of the same 
species which had been naturally repaired during life.— Mr. P. B. 
Nash exhibited male and female beetles from Reigate (Geotrupes 
typheus).—TIwo specimens of the parrot-fish, which had been hanging 
for some time on the wall of the room, were examined.— Mr. W. 
Whitaker invited members interested to call and see his collection of 
helices.—Reference was made also to the local names of ‘‘ Hodmadod”’ 
in Suffolk, and ‘‘Dodman” in Norfolk, as synonyms for the common 
snail. 

On April 22nd Mr. W. Murton Holmes opened the meeting with a 
quarter of an hour’s talk on the Pteropods and Pteropod ooze, and 
exhibited in illustration specimens of Cavolinia, Styliola, Lumascinia, 
as well as tubes of Globigerina ooze.—Miss Klaassen exhibited tailed 
frogs in spirit.— Mr. Nash exhibited Rhizotrogus solstitialis from 
Thornton Heath, and Melolontha vulgaris from Oxford and Reigate.— 
Mr. Gower exhibited Plusta gamma in four varieties. 

On June 3rd Mr. H. D. Gower opened the meeting as announced by 
a quarter of an hour’s talk on ‘‘ The Nomenclature of Banded Shells,” 
which was listened to with much interest. A discussion followed. 
Tn illustration of the talk, carefully prepared diagrams were exhibited, 
together with specimens of Helix hortensis, nemoralis, and arbustorum, 
by Messrs. Gower, Nash, Moore, and Whitaker. As an instance of 
protective mimicry, a specimen of the beetle Clytus arietis was 
shown. 

On Sept. 28rd the President showed numerous local insects, with a 
view to their incorporation in a local collection being formed by the 
Section.—The Chairman showed male and female of the great crested 
newt (Triton cristatus) from Karlswood Common, and spoke on the 
natural history of the amphibians. Mr. Martin reported finding two 
grown specimens of the smooth newt still retaining their gills, from 
Thornton Heath.—Mr. Gower showed dragonflies collected during the 
Society’s excursion to Forest Row. — Mr. Murton Holmes showed 
Aristotle’s lantern, with the five teeth of the sea-urchin in their 
natural positions; also Thenea muricata, a tetractinellid sponge, 
from the Porcupine Expedition.— The Honorary Secretary read a 
paper on the exo-skeleton of the Norway lobster, and exhibited photos 
of a family Bible which had been lent to him containing entries 
oi the births of various members of Gilbert White’s family, including 
that of the naturalist of Selborne himself. 

On Oct. 28th Mr. Epps exhibited two specimens of hunting spiders 
from Trinidad, with a report thereon from Mr. Pocock, of the British 
Museum. Consideration was deferred for further details —Mr. Gower 
exhibited specimens of the common house-fly and of the proboscis-fly. 
—Mr. Gower then proceeded with his talk on the sectional insect case, 
which he had filled with specimens. Great interest was shown in his 
remarks, and at the close a hearty vote of thanks was accorded to him. 


Proceedings. CXXX1X 


The case was then affixed to the wall, and the key handed to the care 
of the Honorary Secretary. 


Members Elected, 1902. 


February 18th.—Mr. A. F. Major, Mr. Evelyn Fawsett. Juniors— 
Miss D. Holah, Mr. P. B. Nash. 

March 18th.—Miss KE. N. Gwatkin, Miss R. E. Grant, Mr. W. P. D. 
Stebbing, Mr. F.J.H. Townend. Junior—Master Clive H. Townend. 

April 15th.—Mr. W. L. Moore. 

September 16th.—Mrs. HE. M. Hall, Mr. W. H. Morris. Junior— 
Master J. R. M. Hobson. 

October 21st.—Mr. M. Heffernan. 

December 16th.—Miss Ada Hall, Miss A. E. Wilson, Mr. R. W. 
Brant, Mr. H.W. Corry, Mr. E. A. Fella, Dr. J. Brooke Ridley. 
Juniors—Master Dudley Phare, Master H. G. Smart. 


Donations to the Library, 1902. 


From Individuals.— Notes on the Flora of Sussex; Lancashire 
Notes on Botany—Mr. C. E. Salmon. Nature Notes; Transactions 
of the Chichester and West Sussex Natural History and Microscopical 
Society—Mr. W. Whitaker. Discovery of Anglo-Saxon Coins at 
White House, near Croydon—Mr. J. Evans. Elementary Lessons on 
Electricity and Magnetism—Mr. Baldock. Reminiscences of a York- 
shire Naturalist—Dr. W. C. Williamson. Report of the International 
Geographical Congress of Berlin, 1899—Mr.G. Phayre. Mr. Flowers’s 
Notes on the Park Hill cutting—Mr. Chisholm. 


From Soctetves.—Report of the Hastings and St. Leonards Natural 
History Society; Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, 
Philadelphia ; Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society; Proceedings 
of the Scottish Microscopical Society ; The South Eastern Naturalist ; 
The Rochester Naturalist ; Journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club ; 
History of the Berwickshire Naturalist’s Club; Reports and Appen- 
dices from the Meteorological Council; Transactions of the West Kent 
Natural History Society; Report of the Fernley Meteorological Obser- 
vatory; Report of the British Association Glasgow Meeting and their 
Guide to Belfast; Proceedings of the South London Entomological 
Society; The Field Naturalists’ Quarterly ; Journal of the Manchester 
Geographical Society; Report of the Commons and Footpaths Pre- 
servation Society; Memoirs of the Zoological Society of France; 
Catalogue of the Lloyd Library, Cincinnati; Report and Transactions 
of the Manchester Microscopical Society; The Missouri Botanical 
Garden Report; Proceedings of the Homesdale Natural History Club; 
Catalogue of Works relating to Surrey in the Minet Public Library, 
Camberwell; Report of the Brighton and Hove Natural History and 
Philosophical Society; Journal of the City of London College Science 
Society. 


From Publishers.—The Barnet Book of Photography; The Bro- 
mide Monthly; The British Journal of Photography; The Amateur 


cxl Proceedings. 


Photographer; Photography; The Photographic News; The Magic 
Lantern Journal; The Photographic Art Journal. 

The Catalogue of Works relating to Surrey has been sent to the 
Public Library. 


Books Deposited at the Central Public Labrary, Town Hall, 
Croydon. 


British Association forthe Advancement of Science. 
Report, 1894-1901. Illustrated, 1894-1902 ... M506 


Royal Society of London. Abstracts of the Papers 
in the Philosophical Transactions, 1800-48; V. 1-4, 
1832-48 ; V. 1, 1800-1814; V. 2, 1815-80; V.3, 
1830-37 ; V. 4, 1887-438 op ... M506 


L. STANLEY JAST, 
Clief Librarian, Central Library. 


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cexl Proceedings. 


Photographer; Photography; The Photographic News; The Magic 
Lantern Journal; The Photographic Art Journal. 


The Catalogue of Works relating to Surrey has been sent to the 
Public Library. 


Books Deposited at the Central Public Library, Town Hall, 
Croydon. 


British Association forthe Advancement of Science. 
Report, 1894-1901. Illustrated, 1894-1902 ... M506 


Royal Society of London. Abstracts of the Papers 
in the Philosophical Transactions, 1800-48; V. 1-4, 
1832-48 ; V. 1, 1800-1814; V. 2, 1815-80; V.3, 
1880-37 ; V. 4, 1887-438 at ... M506 


L. STANLEY JAST, 
Cluef Librarian, Central Library. 


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PORTFOLIOS. 


Tue following illustrations are reproductions of subjects which 
have appeared during the past year in the Society’s Scientific 
Portfolio, which is circulated to contributing members by Mr. 
H. D. Gower. 


Piatt A.—Calcareous Sandstone from Woolwich Beds, Croydon Cor- 
poration Sewage Farm, Beddington, by Mr. J. H. Baldock. 
Taken September 29th, 1900. This band of hard stone occurs 
about seventeen feet below the surface, and contains many fossils. 
The specimen of which an illustration is shown is full of Unio 
shells and casts of same. (See our Proceedings, 1900-1901, lxx.) 


Puate B.—Sand Pipes in Chalk, Chipstead Valley railway cutting, 
beyond Kingswood Station. Taken at 4.50 p.m., July 30th, 1898, 
by Mr. J. H. Baldock. 


PLatE C.—Eges of Blackheaded Gull, natural size. Taken October 
10th, 1901. Three exposures, 13 min. at f.64, with the apparatus 
figured. Mr. J. H. Baldock. 


PuatE D.—Apparatus for photographing eggs and other objects ver- 
tically, made by Mr. J. H. Baldock. The eggs are lying in sand, 
or on a little bed of wax on the glass. The same apparatus is also 
extremely useful for copying maps, engravings, and illustrations 
or text from a book. (See Brit. Journal Almanac for 1902.) 


PuatE H.—Rooks’ nests in elm tree in South End, Croydon. Photo- 
graphed about 1887. This fine old tree stood at the corner of 
Laud Street, in the South End of High Street, South Side, 
opposite the present Grand Theatre, and was taken down about 
1895. The rooks built in this tree for a number of years, and it 
was thought a great deal of by the late Mr. Nalder, who preserved 
the tree as much as possible, by staying it with iron rings and 
chains to prevent it falling into the street and becoming a source 
of danger to the public. By Mr. H. D. Gower. 


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TRANSACTIONS 
THE CROYDON NATURAL HISTORY AND 
SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. 


1902. 1905. 


2,—A Trip to tHe West Inpigs. 


By James Epps, Jun., F.L.S. 
(Read December 16th, 1902.) 


The eventful day arrived, and it appeared as if I should at last 
have the opportunity of seeing with my own eyes Trinidad, the 
island that I had for years looked forward to beholding, of which 
I had heard so much, and of which I had drawn so many 
beautiful fairy pictures; and more, it was the island in which 
our firm was interested, as producing the chief article of its 
manufacture. 

The West Indies are not so difficult to reach as one might be 
led to suppose. Every winter the Royal Mail Steam Packet 
Company now issues sixty days’ excursion tickets to the West 
Indies, and those who have no special liking for fogs, frost, snow, 
and cold north-easterly winds will find it a most enjoyable trip. 
The best time for starting is the end of November, or early in 
December, for two reasons—first, the weather, as a rule, is not 
so boisterous as it often is later in the new year; and secondly, 
the weather in the islands has commenced to get dry and sunny, 
after their five months of wet season. 

The dry season in Trinidad extends from December until the 
end of May; about that time the weather breaks; a thunderstorm 
and slight earthquake are the usual forerunners. The wind 
during the dry season is constant, varying very little from east 
in the morning to south-east in the evening. The temperature 
depends a great-deal on the elevation. It varies, during the dry 

B 


8 Mr. James Epps, Jun., on 


season, in Port of Spain, from, say, 70° at night to 90° in the 
daytime: these are extremes. 

A svecial train awaits the traveller at Waterloo Shean and 
in an hour and three quarters he is alongside the ship that is to 
carry him across the ocean. ‘The afternoon is a busy one; every- 
body is fresh; the cabins have to be found, the luggage safely 
stowed away. Crowds of people are rushing about; very few 
know one another; everything appears in a state of chaos, when 
the first bell rings to prepare friends for a parting. This is soon 
followed by the second bell; many think it time to retire and so 
leave the ship, in order that they may get a prominent place on 
the quay to be able to shout their last ‘‘ good-byes.”’ At last the 
third bell rings; this is final, and a general clearance is the 
result. ‘* Any more for shore?” calls the quartermaster. A few 
minutes’ grace, and all the visitors are off, and the few remaining 
Dock officers, who have been at work on the ship, are the last to 
leave. Then the captain calls from the bridge to ‘let go her 
headline,’’ and one is left to say ‘‘good-bye,”’ and see as much of 
their friends as they can, in the few minutes left to them. 

We glide slowly and quietly down Southampton Water, and in 
about three hours we are dropping our pilot, just before reaching 
the Needles, and in half-an-hour more we are on the open sea. 
All the passengers sit down to dinner (at least the first night), 
the water being somewhat smoother then than on the following 
evenings. 

For the first few days, at this period of the year, the skies are 
grey, the air cold; very often the weather is wet and often 
stormy, therefore nothing can be done on deck, and the first 
few days appear somewhat long. 

Usually about a dozen gulls follow close behind the ship, 
watching eagerly for any food that may be thrown overboard. 
It is most wonderful to see them, in the face of a strong head 
wind, keeping pace with the ship, without once moving their 
fully expanded wings. Another little incident which breaks the 
monotony of the day is to watch the shoals of porpoises (Phocena 
communis), Which will often run for miles alongside the ship, as 
if endeavouring to race it; at the same time leaping some three 
to four feet out of the water. Although hand-cameras are at 
once directed towards them and shutters snapped, I must say 
that I have not yet come across a satisfactory result. A full- 
grown porpoise varies considerably in length, say, from six to 
eight feet. Under the skin of the porpoise is a layer of white 
fat, which, when heated, is converted into oil of very fine quality. 
The skin when tanned is converted into a very tough leather. 
The teeth of a porpoise are closely set, are rather long, sharp, 
compressed, and multitudinous. There are seldom less than 
eighty, but in some specimens one hundred. 


a Trip to the West Indes. 9 


By the time the ship has reached the Azores—which is usually 
on the Sunday following the day of leaving Southampton 
(Wednesday)—passengers begin to know one another, a sweep- 
stake on the ship’s daily run is started, and the evenings are 
shortened by music. After leaving the Azores, we get out of 
the ‘‘ Roaring Forties ’’; the weather improves, the deck chairs 
are brought out, and a ray of hope comes over all on board that 
the cold, frost, leaden skies, and rough weather have been left 
behind. The weather being good, the ships on this line make 
about 340 miles in the twenty-four hours. I see my notes for 
Sunday, Jan. 27th, confirm this—up at 8.15; a most charming, 
sunny and warm morning, no wind, and the Azores (St. Mary) 
in sight; this is indeed an ideal morning, one not to be forgotten, 
and which will repay the inconvenience of the last two days. 
In the evening we crossed the French mail for Martinique; this 
was the first vessel we had seen. The next object we saw was 
a blackfish, about twenty-five to thirty feet long. I understand 
it is a species of Grampus. 

On the Wednesday, or just a week after leaving Southampton, 
we saw the first flying-fish (Hawocetus volitans); we also amused 
ourselves by fishing up the Gulf or ‘‘Sargasso”’ weed, which floats 
in golden-yellow patches on the surface of the water. The next 
day (Thursday) we entered the Tropic of Cancer about nine 
o'clock in the evening. The sea is now so calm that sports can 
be indulged in, such as egg-and-spoon race, potato race, marking 
the pig’s eye, slinging the monkey, &c. It is very beautiful, 
ploughing along on a waveless sea on a very warm evening. 

_ On Friday we had a very enjoyable concert on deck. 

When you get into the trade winds, it 1s strange what cloud- 
formations you get. ‘There are seldom clouds in the sky above 
you ; but low down, all round the horizon, you have masses of 
white puffy clouds, as I have tried to show in the sketch; these 
appear to remain there and never blow up; in the evening these 
are beautifully coloured. Shoals of flying-fish are now con- 
stantly rising from the bows of the ship; they look very like 
large dragonflies; they fly at about six inches above the surface 
of the water ; they sometimes fly about a hundred feet or so, and 
then suddenly drop into the water with a slight splash. I think 
they use their tails either to keep the head out of the water, or 
as a means of steering the body, as it can be seen to be kept 
bent down, and will often skim along the surface. 

We were very much struck by the deep indigo blue colour of 
the ocean. 

The sunsets are wonderfully grand, more especially the after- 
glows, when the sun has disappeared below the horizon. On the 
western horizon it is yellow; as we raise our eyes upwards it 
changes by innumerable shades of orange to blue, then plum- 

B2 


10 Mr. James Epps, Jun., on 


colour, and in the east a grey tinged as if with a bloom of 
purple. These tints change very rapidly, and one must see them 
to appreciate them ; no tongue can describe them, and no artist 
can record or reproduce them. 

We arrived at Bridgetown, Barbadoes, on Sunday, at 3.30 p.m. 
After seeing little but water for twelve days, it is very pleasing 
to see land once again, and everyone is anxious to get ashore. 
The loud sharp report of the signal-gun is heard from the bridge, 
signifying that the good ship has dropped her anchor. The 
English ensign is flying from her mast, and likewise the yellow 
flag. 

Crowds of boats are waiting to come alongside, but the police 
boat is there and keeps them back until the ship’s doctor has 
passed his papers over to the Barbadoes medical officer. The 
medical officer having looked them over, and it being a clean 
bill, passes the ship, and the yellow flag is then lowered, and the 
boats are allowed to come alongside, and cater for passengers. 
Attention is first given to the diving boys; these come alongside 
in small canoes, or more correctly old wooden packing cases, 
each canoe carrying two negro boys. On coins being thrown 
into the water they are eagerly contested for by the occupants. 
Very good divers these boys are, and they never let a coin slip 
out of their sight. These lads for a shilling will dive down 
from one side of the ship, go underneath, and come up on the 
other side, the ship often drawing 20 to 24 feet of water. These 
boys wear only a piece of white linen round their loins, and as 
they go under the water the white linen appears to change to 
a beautiful blue. 

By this time the turmoil of tongues has commenced, and each 
occupant of the small boats is shouting to the passengers on the 
ship something after this style :—-‘‘ Don’t forget the ‘ Firefly,’ 


sir!’’ «**Sunbeam,’ sir?’’ ‘‘ You can’t take usall!’’ “I’m first, 
sir!” *‘ First come, first served, sir!’’ ‘‘Don’t forget ‘No. 47,’ 
‘47,’ sir!’? The cranes on the ship are now at work, and all is 


noise and excitement. | 

We are lying about one mile from Bridgetown. The shore 
and town from the ship look charming, and the surrounding 
trees and fields are as green and fresh as in June in England. 
I have never felt greater delight than on looking at this picture. 
What a wonderful change in twelve days, from the dark, damp, 
cold, foggy. sunless climate of London! Everything on shore 
looks as if it had been washed, and then arranged for effect. 

On the Monday morning we went ashore: the masses of black 
people busily moving about the bright streets, all looking 
remarkably happy and healthy, laughing and chattering, were 
to me, for the first time, thrilling. 

We first stopped at the ice house, a house well known and 


a Trip to the West Indies. 11 


visited by travellers from all parts. Wehad lime squashes. What 
a delightful drink it is! how different from the stuff sold as lime- 
juice at home! Up in the shady verandah overlooking the busy 
street we found it beautifully cool, and we could sit there and see 
the life in the streets below. Girls and women carrying about 
baskets of fruit, bananas, oranges, &¢. large casks of sugar 
and molasses on narrow trolleys being drawn by six mules or 
oxen through the narrow streets; men and women of all nation- 
alities, all busy selling and buying. After walking through the 
chief streets, which are narrow and badly paved, we take tram- 
car to Hastings, a suburb about four miles out. Here is the 
Marine Hotel, which is a favourite meeting-place for all travellers. 
For the present I will leave Barbadoes, and say that we in the 
afternoon went aboard the intercolonial steamer the ‘Solent,’ 


which was lying near the ‘Trent’ (the ship that brought us), © 


and about six o’clock steamed off for St. Vincent. I might 
mention it is a pretty sight to see all the intercolonial boats 
starting off in the evening. The ‘Trent’ started off first for 
Jamaica, then the ‘Eden’ for Demerara, the ‘ Esk’ for the 
northern islands, and the ‘Solent’ for Trinidad. Each boat 
fires coloured rockets on starting. 

Aé six o’clock the following morning we arrived and anchored 
about half-a-mile from Kingstown the chief town of St. Vincent. 
Saw a booby or fishing bird {the Sula Sula). The harbour 
police officer says that they are easily tamed, that the boys 
catch them with small hooks baited with pieces of meat, and 
when they have been tamed they will fly out to the bay, feed 
themselves, and then return home. The scenery around the 
town is very fine and mountainous, with some very sharp peaks. 
It is a pretty town from the sea and is fairly clean. As we 
walked through the charming Botanical Gardens, which he about 
one mile inland from the town, we little expected to hear only 
a few weeks after of the awful volcanic disaster, which was not 
only to lay in ruins the northern part of the island, but which 
caused a layer of two feet of lava over all this beautiful vegetation. 

The Botanical Gardens, with the bay in the distance, are very 
beautiful. On leaving the gardens we went to the Montrose 
Arrowroot Hstate, and by the kindness of the proprietor saw the 
process of arrowroot growing, washing, drying and packing for 
shipment. ‘The arrowroot is the starch obtained from the under- 
eround stem of the Maranta. The stems are put into a revolving 
drum with water, which washes away the earthy matter. It is 
then taken out and pressed against a revolving rasp; it is there 
torn to pieces, and falls into a large vat after passing through a 
sieve which removes the fibre (which is used for food for the 
pigs, or manure); the milky liquid is allowed to settle and the 
water drawn off. The settlement or starch is then again stirred 


12 Mr. James Epps, Jun., on 


with fresh water and again strained. It is afterwards run into 
an extensive shallow tray, where the arrowroot quickly settles, 
and the water drains away. It is then collected and put on 
trays in a large airy shed. When dry the trays are taken down 
from the racks and the arrowroot is rammed into barrels with a 
hand pestle, which is the only means taken to bring it into a 
powdered state. Some of the rhizomes which I brought with 
me are now growing freely at Norwood. 

The chief industries of St. Vincent are arrowroot and sugar. 
It was at a small cottage here that I became possessed of a 
Carib stone implement. 

On leaving St. Vincent we passed a string of small islands, all 
of volcanic origin; these run very much north to south, and so 
make a fine breakwater to the Atlantic waves which are rolling 
in with the trade wind from the east. It is therefore so calm 
that one might imagine that they were taking a trip on a fine 
sunny day round the Isle of Wight. The front part of the deck 
is filled with negro families; they have no cabins or hammocks, 
but mass themselves together and sleep on deck—men, women 
and children. These poor people bring with them what pro- 
visions they want, consisting chiefly of a very light character, 
principally fruit. 

We now arrived off St. George, the chief town of Grenada; 
from the ship | think it is the finest piece of coast I have ever 
seen; the mountains are very richly covered with forest trees, 
and the small natural harbour is picturesque in the extreme. 
On a steep projecting arm of land on the left of the natural 
harbour is the fort; this arm of the land divides the town proper 
from the harbour, and communication is now carried on by a 
tunnel cut through the base of this rocky arm. About one mile 
from St. George are the Botanical Gardens, a prettily laid out 
and well-kept garden. There is a very fine double. row of 
cabbage palms leading up-hill from the entrance, at the end of 
which there is a beautiful ‘‘traveller’s tree.’ The garden con- 
tains some very fine specimen palms, orchids, and economic 
and medicinal plants. I was pleased to find them all labelled, 
which is a great assistance. The gardens can be reached by 
road or by boat; the latter will take you across the harbour 
and land you within a few feet of the entrance. The landing 
stage is situated in a small mangrove swamp; it is very in- 
teresting to see the twisted and net-like masses of roots, and 
one can soon understand how these collect the floating vegetable 
matter and turn it into a decomposing mass of matter which is 
the chief cause of malarial fever. These roots are often covered 
with masses of small oysters, which are fairly palatable and are 
served as hors d’wuvre. 

Mr. Broadway, the curator, who kindly took us round the 


a Trip to the West Indies. 18 


gardens, was showing me a species of thrip which is appearing 
on the cacao-pods, not only in the gardens but in several of the 
Grenada plantations; it is also attacking the leaves of other 
plants. He is anxious that it should be investigated; it certainly 
disfigures the pods. He looks upon the cacao trees here as a 
cross between the Calabacillo and Forastero varieties. 

The chief industries of this island are cacao, sugar, and nut- 
megs. ‘The cacao trees in the old plantations bear a yellow 
fruit, and you do not get the beautiful varieties of colour and 
shape of pod that you do in Trinidad. The cacao in this island 
is also grown differently to what it is in Trinidad; here they do 
not shade their trees by the ‘‘ madre de cacao,’ the Saman, or other 
large shade trees. The consequence is their trees are very 
dwarfed, as the top young wood and leaves are very much checked 
or naturally pruned by the burning rays of the sun. The island 
within the last ten years has made vast strides in respect to the 
curing of the cacao, and in price it runs Trinidad cacao very close. 

We were very much interested by seeing within a mile or so 
of the town one of the last of the old sugar mills, consisting of 
three vertical rollers slowly turned by two pairs of donkevs, the 
rollers being fed by hand. This was extremely primitive, but 
on the same piece of ground stood a still older sugar-mill, once 
turned by sails, very much resembling an English windmill. 
The master first drew my attention to the old mill, saying that 
it was found unsatisfactory, so was allowed to fall into decay. 
He then showed us six large sugar-pans in which the juice 
(pressed out by the rollers) was boiled down to the necessary 
density, after which it was put into wooden trays to crystallize. 
He showed us some finished sugar. Having a friend at Grenville, 
a town on the east coast, whom we wished to visit, we arranged 
with the hotel proprietor to have his buggy to drive to a rest- 
house at the summit of the Grand Ktang, which also belonged 
to him. 

This mountain (the Grand Htang), which is 1,800 feet above 
sea-level, is about the centre of the island. It is reached from 
St. George by a good metal road, and makes a hard piece of 
collar work for the horse. A grand sight it is as you gradually 
ascend, passing through (principally) cacao and nutmeg estates 
until you reach an elevation of about 1200 feet, when you dive 
into the virgin forest. The virgin forest is crown land, and is 
kept in that condition to encourage the rain; it certainly seems 
to have that effect. At the summit is the lake, which covers an 
area of about twenty-five acres; this is clearly seen, by the 
formation, to be the mouth of an extinct volcano. The land 
round the lake, which is almost circular, rises some hundred feet. 
On reaching the rest-house we had the pleasure of walking into 
the virgin forest, with which we were indeed charmed. Tree- 


14 Mr. James Epps, Jun., on 


ferns thirty feet high grow luxuriantly. Here also is the bird’s- 
nest fern, which is attached to the roots and branches of the 
trees often twenty or thirty feet above the ground. The climbers 
up the giants of the forest are grand, and the festoons of roots 
hanging from the branches of these giants are most wonderful. 
The ‘‘traveller’s ladder’’ is one of the most conspicuous, also 
the ‘‘traveller’s water-bottle.”’ One foot of this, if cut with a 
cutlass quickly, first at the top and then below, will yield about 
eight ounces of pure water. If cut slowly, and the second cut 
be above the first, the water is not found, as it is drawn upwards 
by capillary attraction. The temperature at the summit of the 
Grand Etang was only 70° Fahr. I was asked by some black 
women (who were busily bringing stones out of the forest for 
road repairing) whether I wanted a white flower. Of course I 
said ‘* Yes, I should like to see it,’’ and in a few minutes I heard 
them cutting away with their cutlasses, and a httle later an 
awful crash as of a big tree falling, and they soon appeared 
bringing two large blossoms of the palmiste or ‘‘gru-gru”’ palm, 
which they presented to me. As these weighed some ten or 
twelve pounds, they were somewhat of a ‘‘white elephant,” 
although very beautiful. I got them back to the rest-house, 
where I photographed them. The expanded flower-head is very 
like a piece of white coral. Humming-birds are very plentiful 
here, and we were much interested in watching one within a 
foot or so of us, collecting cobwebs from the house with which 
to cover the outside of its nest. We also heard some monkeys 
barking, and later in the day had the pleasure of watching a troop 
of a dozen or more feeding and playing in the trees not more than 
forty feet away from us, 1 understand they are sometimes shot 
and eaten. We found on that day in the forest an orchid, the 
passion flower, fuchsia, and begonia; also several small birds’ 
nests, one more especially interesting, viz. the weaver-bird’s 
nest. We had the good fortune to be at the Grand Etang when 
the moon was full, and the night was indeed enchanting. 

The following day we continued our journey to Grenville, 
another seven miles, passing through miles of cacao estates, and 
returned to the Grand Ktang the same evening. 

I will sum up Grenada as follows:—A British colony, dis- 
covered by Columbus on August 15th, 1498. It lies ninety 
miles north of Trinidad, sixty-eight miles south-south-west of 
St. Vincent, and about one hundred south-west of Barbadoes. 
It is twenty-four miles long and about twelve miles broad, and 
contains about a hundred and twenty square miles. The highest 
elevations are Mount St. Catherine 2749 feet, Mount Surai 
2300 feet, and the mountain over the Grand Etang 2014 feet. 
The island is a very beautiful one, and is well watered by streams 
in almost all directions. The island is of volcanic origin, and 


a Trip to the West Indies. 16 


the last two active portions appear to be Mount St. Catherine 
and the Grand Etang. The valleys are principally cut in beds 
of voleanic conglomerate, tufa, and ashes. The chief town is 
St. George, with a population in 1891 of 4919. The population 
of Grenada in 1901 was 638,488. The prosperity of the island 
depends entirely on its agriculture. Sugar is still grown, but 
is not of a high class, and is consumed by the peasantry. Rum 
is distilled and is also consumed locally. The chief produce is 
now cacao, and it is this crop that has been the salvation of the 
island. Nutmegs are also largely grown and exported. Most 
tropical fruits are grown here. Ground provisions are numerous, 
including yams, plantains, tannias, sweet potatoes, koosh-koosh, 
ochroes, maize, bread-fruit, &c. The climate is mild and 
salubrious, and on the higher lands fresh and invigorating. 
The highest temperature is 90 degrees in the valleys, and about 
seven degrees lower on the hills. The island is outside the storm 
zone and hurricanes are unknown, and gales occur very seldom. 
Thunderstorms are rare, and an earthquake usually occurs at the 
breaking up of the dry weather—about June, The flora and 
fauna of the island are fairly rich, numbering about 389 fruits, 
19 vegetables, and about 124 trees and shrubs of medicinal or 
economic value, 94 birds, 9 mammals, 15 reptiles, 6 shellfish, 
20 sea fish and 10 freshwater fish. 

_ We left Grenada about seven o’clock and retired early, as we 
had to be on.deck early next morning. Up at 5.80; day just 
breaking; almost above us a glorious and bright star (Sirius), 
also the Southern Cross. The day breaks very quickly here; in 
half-an-hour it is bright and the sun brilliant. Trinidad was 
lying on our port bow, with the mainland in the distance; on 
our starboard and ahead of us were the Bocas; after passing 
these it is about ten miles to Port of Spain. Saw the new light- 
house; it has only been erected about eighteen months. The sky 
at sunrise and sunset is very beautiful, the sky opposite the sun 
being of a most beautiful purple, which quickly changes its tints. 
A sunrise over the island of Trinidad is a sight not be missed. 
The sun has just risen, but it is for the moment behind a mass 
of cloud, and is throwing out most beautiful rays of light, illumi- 
nating all the clouds in the heavens with various shades of 
colour. Immediately on passing through the Bocas we struck 
the swift yellow water flowing from the Orinoco into the Atlantic, 
and from a choppy sea we were launched into water without a 
ripple on its surface, and we glided rapidly forward. The water 
here is of a yellowish colour, and is absolutely swarming with 
yellow jelly-fish looking very like half lemons. We passed the 
convict prison, situated on a small island about a mile from shore. 
Our first officer told us that the waters here swarm with sharks; 
he has seen twenty at once fighting over the carcase of an ox. 


16 Mr. James Epps, Jun., on 


The ship came to anchor about two miles off the port, as the 
water here is very shallow. The excitement now commences in 
finding one’s luggage, and, when found, in the difficulty of getting 
it into a small boat. Then a row to shore, and the clearing the 
luggage at the Custom House, then finding a buggy to take one 
to the hotel, which is situated about a mile and a half from the 
quay. We at last arrived at the Queen’s Park Hotel, and 
enjoyed our breakfast in peace and quietness. The hotel is a 
most comfortable one, and is beautifully situated, facing the 
Savanna. Itis a perfect paradise. The large tree growing in 
front is the Pithecolobium Berterianum. ‘The streets are lit with 
electric light and are fairly clean, but badly paved. They at 
present have no underground sewage system. ‘The streets are 
picturesque, and the traveller is struck by the large number of 
blaek vultures, called the ‘‘corbeaux,’’ which are protected: by 
law, as they are considered most useful scavengers, and eat up 
at once any dead animals or flesh which may be lying about, 
which in a hot country would soon become offensive. My 
manager was waiting for us with the buggy, and we were soon 
enjoying the quiet and beauty of our own cacao estate. On 
leaving the hotel one has to pass through a coolie village. The 
coolies usually prefer their own company and lve apart from 
the negroes, also they usually choose to live on a main road. 
The sights to be seen when passing through the village are most 
interesting. The coolie children are very pretty, also the young 
cirls and women. ‘The women and children are always heavily 
decorated with silver ornaments; the flesh of the arms of the women 
sometimes can hardly be seen, being so covered with silver bracelets ; 
anklets are also worn, necklaces and usually a nose ring, which 
is a great disfigurement. They walk most beautifully erect from 
childhood to old age, and one never sees an old woman doubled 
by age; this is partly due to a natural and wise way of dressing, 
also to the habit of carrying everything on their heads. It is 
markedly noticeable that when carrying loads on the head no 
balancing of the load is done with the neck, but from the hips. 
The skin of the coolie is a hight bronze, and the hair is dark and 
long. The coolie huts run along both sides of the road; they 
are mostly built of wood, some perhaps with a corrugated iron 
roof ; they are not picturesque, neither are they kept in spick and 
span neatness. ‘The coolies usually work on the land; a few get 
a living at fruit and vegetable selling, others by selling foodstuffs, 
and others as jewellers. ‘The number of jewellers is large; the 
jeweller usually occupies a small wooden hut, in front of which 
may be seen one or two coolies hammering out a bar of silver, and 
perhaps at their side a small show-case holding from one to two 
dozen bracelets or anklets. In front of other huts we see dis- 
played corn and meals for sale; in others fruits and vegetables, 


a Trip to the West Indies. 17 


including sugar-cane, As a good water supply is laid on, and 
pumps are found at regular intervals, one often sees an affectionate 
father or mother tubbing his or her young offspring. The coolie 
women are given to smoking, and it is a common sight to see 
the materfamilias squatting down enjoying the fragrant weed. 
After a little we left the coolie village, and passed through 
another village called Cocoarite; this is the terminus of the 
tram lines. We then arrived at the entrance to two valleys, one 
leading to Diego Martin and the Blue Basin, the other to Petite 
Vallée. We took the road to Petite Vallée. We then passed 
through several small cocoa estates, every now and then passing 
the owners’ houses, beautifully surrounded with palms and 
flowers. Hvery time I turned my head I had something new to 
see. A few things I might mention: the frangipani (Plumieria), 
of which there are two varieties, the white and the pink; the 
beautiful Hibiscus, of which there are many varieties; the cotton 
(Gossypium Barbadensis), with its large mallow-shaped flowers, 
covered at the same time with bursting fruits, showing the cotton 
attached to the seeds within; the crotons with their wonderful 
variety of variegated leaves of the richest colours; the sorrel 
(Hibiscus subdarifia), the fruit of which is used for making 
preserves and for making sorrel wine, a very pleasant drink. 
Then we were struck by some grand trees covered with an intense 
scarlet blossom ; these trees at this season of the year lose their 
leaves, and are decked with this blossom. These are the beloved 
trees of the Trinidadian, and ones they are justly proud of; they 
are the ‘‘madre de cacao,” or mother-of-the-cocoa (Hrythrina 
umbrosa). They are used by the cacao-planter to shade his 
cacao trees from the burning influence of the sun’s rays. The 
tree is also supposed to supply nitrogen to the soil, chiefly by its 
leaves and blossoms, and the cacao certainly appears to thrive 
wonderfully under its protection. There is also another variety, 
which is evergreen, and is used in damp lowlands for shade, 
namely, the Hrythrina velutina, or bocare ; also a variety which 
takes a bush form, the flowers of which are ofa dull yellow. This 
is the the tree the negroes call the “‘jumbie”’; it is the Hrythrina 
corallodendron. ‘The seeds are very pretty, being very hard and 
of a bright scarlet colour, with a decided black spot. Then we 
have the bright yellow flowers of the poui (Tecoma spectabilis). 
This is a most useful timber, the wood being exceedingly hard; 
it is about the only wood that will stand tropical weather. It is 
used chiefly for posts, telegraph-poles, and timbers in exposed 
places. The balata, or bullet-wood (Mimusops Balata), though 
very hard is easily worked, and is a very useful wood ; it is used 
for house-frames, fence-posts and wheel-spokes ; the tree gives a 
deliciously sweet fruit, and also yields a valuable gum. Then 
we have another very large tree, sometimes used for shade, viz. 


18 Mr. James Epps, Jun., on 


the sand-box (Hura crepitans); this is commonly called the 
artillery tree, because its fruit, if kept in a dry place (or some- 
times when on the tree), bursts with a loud report, shedding its 
seeds in all directions. I had one-explode in my bedroom one 
night, which somewhat surprised me, and it was only in the 
morning that I found out what the noise was, by finding the 
seeds in all parts of the room. It takes its name of sand-box 
from the use the fruits were put to, years ago, before blotting 
paper was used. The fruits were filled with fine sand, and from 
the slits in the fruit the sand was shaken over the wet ink, when 
writing, to dry it, in the same way that we even now occasionally 
see a nurseryman do. Then we have an interesting and delicious 
fruit, i.e. the Papaw (Carica Papaya). The male and female 
plants grow separately. The tree is not a branched one, and the 
fruits are arranged up the main stem in the axils of the leaves. 
I have had fruits of over a pound in weight. Then we have the 
nutmeg tree (Myristica fragrans); this, like the papaw, has 
separated male and female trees, which necessarily makes it very 
difficult for the planter to form an estate, as he must wait until 
the trees blossom before being sure whether he is putting in a 
male or female tree. The fruits very much resemble a nectarine, 
and when ripe divide into two portions; the kernel is then seen 
inside covered by a scarlet network, which constitutes mace. 
When a nutmeg plantation is once formed the trees give the 
most profitable crop of all fruits. Then we have two more 
interesting trees, very much alike—the bread-fruit tree (Artocarpus 
incisa) and the bread-nut tree (Brosimum alicastrum) ; both yield 
fruits which are cooked and used as food. 

After a memorable drive of six miles we arrived at Les 
Fontaines estate (the small estate which I own). I could 
hardly believe I was there in the flesh, after looking at the 
photos at home so many times; I found it difficult to realize 
that I was at last in that beautiful spot. Just in front of the 
entrance to the estate is a fine clump of bamboos (Bambusa 
vulgaris) ; these clumps in the north of the island are common, 
but are very grand; at a little distance they resemble a flight 
of rockets at a firework display; a single stem will often measure 
six inches in diameter; they are one of the most useful tropical 
plants. Standing in front of the house is the Malacca apple; 
the tree being in blossom at the time, it brought a lot of hamming 
birds to it. The orange trees were laden with fruit of a very 
fine quality. We then took a walk into the cacao plantation. One 
might imagine oneself in fairyland ; all the trunks and the thick 
stems of the cacao trees look as if covered with fairy lanterns. 
They are the fruits of the tree; some are green, some yellow, 
some a rich reddish chocolate, and some bronze. The gathering 
of the crop had commenced, and we presently came across a 


a Trip to the West Indies. 19 


number of men with their cutlasses, standing round a large pile 
of cacao pods which had been collected and were being opened, 
in order that the seeds might be removed and taken at once to 
the fermenting house. Other men have bamboo poles: with 
hooks on the end for dislodging the pods from the trees. Under 
the shade of the cacao and larger shade trees it is beautifully 
cool, and work can be carried on without inconvenience all day. 
To prove this, the hands, on leaving off at five o’clock, make for 
the Savannah and go through with their cricket practice. 

It was a beautifully cool and pleasant drive back to the town 
in the evening, the sun setting at 6.80 p.m. The shades of night 
fall quickly there ; at seven it is almost dark, and then one sees 
the fireflies and the nocturnal moths begin their wanderings, 
also the bats. The vampire bat is the one dreaded; this bat will 
bite and then draw the blood of human beings if given an oppor- 
tunity, and stables have to be carefully covered with wire netting 
in order to keep them out. If the owner cannot afford netting, 
a light is kept burning, which also has the desired effect. The 
hotel faces the Savannah. The Savannah is a piece of open 
land consisting of about eighty acres; on it are held the races; 
football matches and golf are also played on it; it is also used 
for cows, it 1s open public land. Some fine trees are found upon 
it—the cannon-ball tree (Cowroupita gwianensis), which stands 


about sixty to eighty feet high; the trunk rising for about fifty - 


feet without a fork, then spreading out into a head not unlike an 
elm. The whole length of the unbranched stem is covered with 
short prickly pendant branchlets, about five feet long; these 
carry the crimson flowers, roughly resembling a single hollyhock, 
which afterwards produce the fruits, which very much resemble 
a, cannon-ball, weighing about ten pounds. Hundreds of these 
fruits can be seen hanging on the trunk of a single tree at one 
time. The flowers and fruits appear at the same time. The 
fruit is perfectly round, and is of a light brown colour on the 
outside ; it is very solid and hard. I know of no use its fruits 
are put to. A specimen tree of the hog-plum grows next to the 
cannon-ball tree (Spondias purpurea); it is about eighty to ninety 
feet high; a jelly is made of the fruit. On the Savannah are 
six fine cabbage-palms (Oreodowa oleracea) ; these are called the 
“Six Sisters.” Another wonderful tree (and one Mr. Hart, the 
Curator of the Botanic Gardens, is testing, and speaks highly of 
as a Shade tree for cacao) is the Saman (P2thecolobium Saman) ; 
it is not a tall grower, but has wonderfully spreading habits. 
The height would not be more than thirty feet, but its boughs 
would, if not interfered with, produce a circle with a diameter 
of about eighty to hundred feet. On the north of the Savannah 
is the Governor’s house, part of the grounds forming the 
Botanical Gardens. Some fine specimens of palms and economic 


20 Mr. James Epps, Jun., on 


plants are found here, and the grounds are prettily laid out, but 
I regret to say the Curator does not pay sufficient attention to 
the most important point of keeping the trees named. I will 
now refer to a few specimen palms—the traveller’s tree (Ravenala 
Madagascariensis) is another very graceful and striking plant. 
It is so named because at the base of each petiole there is stored 
at least half a pint of pure water. ‘This can easily be tested by 
a slight puncture, when the water runs freely from the wound, 
and may be safely drunk. Another most useful palm may be 
mentioned, the Cocos nucifera; this I think is one of the most 
beautiful of the palm family; it flourishes best, it is said, near 
the sea-coast ; this is not altogether correct, as I have seen it 
flourish and produce fruits in large quantities many miles inland. 
At the entrance to the Caroni-farm cacao estate is an avenue 
of the coco-nut palm. The albumen contains a large percentage 
of oil, which is largely used for cooking purposes. The water, 
or milk as it is called in this country, contained in the immature 
fruit, is largely drunk, and is a very refreshing drink ; boys and 
men can often be seen with donkey-carts filled with the fruits, 
and for five cents the boy takes his cutlass, trims off the husk, 
and cuts a small lid off the top of the nut, and one has at least 
a pint of the purest of drinks. 

To see the virgin forest one must now go some little distance; 
it is slowly but certainly disappearing. Any energetic young 
man, who does not object to work for a little, can get a grant of 
crown lands for a nominal sum, and having got it he has at 
once to clean down the forest; this is no easy task. Any valuable 
timber trees are first cut down and removed; then the remaining 
bush is chopped down and burnt. The ashes and virgin soil 
make a most fertile soil for the young cacao trees. ‘To dive into 
the virgin forest has a most wonderful charm. One is first 
struck by the absolute stillness of the air ; not a movement, not 
a sound, except perhaps some noisy parroquet may start scream- 
ing, or one hears the mournful sound of the mountain dove; 
then to see the giants of the forest, reaching up to a hundred and 
fifty feet, with their boughs chained together by the climbing 
and aerial plants; these send their roots down in most fantastic 
shapes. One very noticeable climber is the ‘‘Scotchman’”’; this 
will start growing close to one of our fine forest giants, and after 
a little it will tie and bind its stem so closely round the trunk 
of our giant that it ultimately kills it and takes its place. 
The aerial roots and stems thus hanging from the higher trees 
very much resemble the rigging of a ship. Birds and animals 
are few in the forest. Itis here that we find, climbing up the 
trunks of the trees, the vanilla plant, the pods of which when 
dried are used for flavouring. 


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a Trip to the West Indies. 21 


Another place of interest in Trinidad is the Pitch Lake; this 
is reached by boat from Port of Spain to La Brea in about four 
hours. a Brea is the most miserable, God-forsaken place I was 
ever in. Pitch everywhere. The shanties or houses are all 
made of timber, and are constantly having to be raised on fresh 
logs of wood, or they would in a short time disappear below the 
surface. Only the men and managers of the Pitch Lake live 
here, and a few store-keepers. It is most dreadfully dusty, and 
when one perspires (as it is quite easy to do) it leaves an un- 
pleasant deposit on the skin. The new Trinidad Asphalt 
Company works the Pitch Lake, and the pitch is sent to all 
parts of the world. Other persons having land adjacent also 
work the asphalt, which is constantly flowing from the lake to 
the sea. As fast as an excavation is made, soit fills up. These 
private holders of plots of land are looked upon by the Company 
as poachers, and the Company has done its best to buy them out, 
or to stop them by legal entanglements. The lake is about half 
a mile from the sea; in parts it is very soft, and any one standing 
on one spot long would sink in up to his knees in a very short 
time ; ij is very strange that the asphalt does not stick to the 
boots, and on drawing one’s foot out it soons rises and finds its 
level. The surface of the lake is broken up by lagoons, or small 
water-ponds; the pitch has a strong smell of sulphuretted 
hydrogen. ‘The direct rays of the sun being absorbed makes it 
very hot to the feet. When the pitch is dug out, it is sent down 
in buckets, suspended on a revolving steel cable, which carries 
it to the end of the pier where the ships lie alongside, and it is 
pitched into the holds. Tach trolley is weighed before being 
eripped on to the steel cable. We also saw them refining the 
pitch ; it is done by putting the blocks of pitch into large pans 
under which is kept a large wood fire. When soft it is well 
stirred, and the scum or impurities are removed, and the moisture 
in it is driven off; it is then ladled out into the wooden barrels, 
where it becomes hard, and is shipped in this form. I am told 
they can ship seventy-five tons of pitch per hour. The pier or 
jetty is about 1700 feet long, and the Company has its offices 
situated there ; the officers of the Company also live there. La 
Brea is one of the worst fever-traps in the island. 

Two other sights I think I should mention, which should be 
seen by the visitor ; they are the Blue Basin and the Maraccas 
Falls. The Blue Basin is on the north of the island, at the end 
of the Diego Martin Valley. It is a natural pool of water on a 
rock foundation, and surrounded on all but one side by precipitous 
rocks, over one of which a fine fall of water shoots into the basin 
below. The hilly steep ranges, which lie behind the rocks are 
all covered with thick tropical growth. The scenery all round 
is very fine. The Maraccas Falls are even finer than the Blue 


22. Mr. James Epps, Jun., on 


Basin ; they lie about fourteen miles from Port of Spain. To 
reach them one must drive or take train to St. Joseph (this was 
once the capital of Trinidad), and then proceed up the Maraccas 
Valley. This is, I think, the most charming spot in Trinidad. 
The river, which flows down the valley, is a very winding one, 
and the visitor has to wade through this at least seven times 
before reaching its source. The land in the valley is very 
undulating, and most grandly clad, and after a drive of seven or 
elght miles through this paradise we arrive at the falls. The 
water falls over a perfectly vertical cliff. at least three hundred 
feet high. I timed the fall of the water; it took about sixteen 
seconds for the water to reach the ground from the summit. 
The water strikes a projecting ledge about half-way down, and 
the breeze carries a lot of the water away in the form of spray. 
Just before reaching the falls you pass through a bit of real 
virgin forest. It was here that we noticed more especially one 
parasitic plant, which had sent its roots round and round another 
tree as if it had taken it prisoner, and had bound it with ropes to 
prevent its escape. The root went round the tree at least thirty 
times. The aerial roots hanging down from the cliff by the 
waterfall must have been at least fifty or sixty feet long. 

Trinidad in the past was a great sugar-producing island, and 
although it continues to put out a fair quantity it wisely took to 
cacao cultivation ; that and the Pitch Lake have made it one of 
the most prosperous of our West Indian islands. Sugar, they 
declare, does not pay, and a few only are hanging to it in the 
hope that the British Government will eventually put a duty on 
bounty-fed beet-sugar. I must allow I think it only right that 
the continental beet-sugars should be taxed up to the amount of 
the bounty allowed, which would put our West-Indian planters 
and the continental beet-growers on similar ground. I must say, 
however, that I was very much surprised to find that, although 
there is so much grumbling on the part of the West-Indian 
planter, he has not got his own island to support him in boy- 
cotting the beet-sugar, and I found it quite a common thing for 
the West-Indians whom I visited in the islands to be using beet- 
sugar. 

The climate of Trinidad is warm and humid, and is perfectly 
healthy, if a few precautions are taken: first, to keep clear of 
swampy ground, more especially at night-time; second, not to 
be tempted to sleep out of doors; third, to wear flannel next the 
skin; fourth, strict temperance. This last precaution is, I fear, 
often forgotten, and the foolish man or woman who breaks the 
rule pays dearly for sodoing. I believe the West-Indians them- 
selves would be far less liable to attacks of fever and other illnesses 
if they would give up cocktails, swivells, and wines. 

The soil of Trinidad, as a whole, is rich and fertile. Fruits 


a Trip to the West Indies. 23 


are numerous; the principal being bananas, sapodilla, mangoes, 
avocado pears, bread-fruit, shaddock, guava, hog-plum, oranges, 
custard apples, malacca apples, melons, sour-sop, pineapples, 
belle apples, and star apples. Vegetables are also plentiful, 
being: pigeon peas, sweet potatoes, christophenes, papaw, 
plantains, tannias, cassava, cush-cush, tomatoes, Indian corn, 
ochroes, yams, pumpkins, &c. The animals are few, and only 
one of any size, the lappe, agouti, squirrel, porcupine, monkeys, 
deer, matapurio, tiger-cat, armadillo, mangrove dog, little ant- 
eater, opossum, wood-dog, bat. 

The birds are numerous, the most common being the ‘“‘ Qu’est 
ce qui dit’”’ (‘“‘who says’’). This I think is the most common 
bird in the islands, and its note is heard continuously all day 
long. Then we have the corbeau, or black vulture, the most 
miserable-looking bird ever created. There are two varieties— 
those that inhabit the towns, and sit perched on the roofs of the 
houses and telegraph-poles, and when hungry hunt about the 
streets after any filth they may find; and the variety that lives 
in the fields away from the town ; they are wonderful flyers, and 
wherever a dead animal is a flock of these corbeaux will soon be 
hovering round. Then we have the campanero or bell-bird, so 
called from the metallic tone of its call, somewhat resembling a 
bell ; this bird is found only in the high woods. Then we have 
the mountain dove, with its most dismal cry, like a person in 
pain. Then we have no less than eighteen varieties of 
humming bird; the tick-bird, which is black, and somewhat 
resembles our blackbird, but is thicker made; this may always 
be found where cattle are feeding, and will follow closely in their 
footsteps, seeking the worms so disturbed. ‘Then we have the 
washerwoman (a small black bird with a white head), the goat- 
sucker, the lucan, the flamingo, the stork, the ramier, the snipe, 
the plover, the quail, the parrot, the ortolan, the merle, the 
cormorant, the scissor or frigate-bird, the acravat or ringed- 
neck, the rosignal or God’s-bird, the grass-bird, the Colorado or 
cardinal-bird, and the picoplat or silver-beak, and many others. 

The reptiles include some eighty species, among which are 
sea-turtles, land tortoises, freshwater turtles, frogs, lizards, and 
snakes. We have only four deadly snakes, and these are found 
only in uncultivated parts of the island; the rest may be looked 
upon as harmless. ‘Two varieties are, however, dangerous in 
their coil, viz. the boa constrictor, which I have seen up to 
twelve feet long, and the honillia or water-boa up to twenty feet. 
The deadly snakes are two, Mapipire zanana and Mapipire 
balsim, and two species of coral snake. Another harmless and 
rather common snake is the whip-snake, taking its name from 
its resemblance to the thong of a whip; it is about a yard in 
length. 


Cc 


24 Mr. James Epps, Jun., on 


The fish round the coast are plentiful, and the chief ones are 
the grouper, the king-fish or tasard, the Spanish mackerel or 
carite, the baracuta or becune, the pike or brochet, the carrangue 
or covali, the lebranche, the mullet, coulirou, and the pagre. 
The freshwater fish are few; they are the guabin and yarro, and 
the cascaradura, a mud-fish found in ponds of the Caroni. The 
poisonous fish not fit for food are the shark, ray, baracuta, and 
vingt-quatre-heure ; not even the corbeau will eatit. The shell- 
fish are the crab, crab-manicou and mountain-crab, crayfish, 
shrimp, lobster, and oyster. 

The island swarms with insects; the most common are the 
ants, of which there are several varieties; the most dreaded is 
the parasol-ant, which works havoc in the plantations, and both 
time and money are spent in destroying it. This is usually done, 
in the wet season, by digging a trench round the nest, and then 
filling up with water and puddling the holes. It is most surpris- 
ing to see the paths made by these ants for yards away from 
their nests; also it is amusing to see thousands busily carrying 
large pieces of leaf to their nests, looking exactly as if covered 
with a green parasol. Then we have the brown ant, which 
builds its nest up in the trees; this is not a destructive ant, but 
a common one, and its nests up in the trees are often met with ; 
some weighing twenty to thirty pounds. Then we have a very 
small brown variety, which, owing to its eccentric motions, is 
called the crazy ant; these will sting. Then we have the 
mosquito, which will also sting, and is a great pest at certain 
seasons of the year. Then we have the béte rouge, a small 
microscopic insect, which will attack the legs if you have been 
travelling through long dry grass, causing the skin to itch 
intensely. A little liquid ammonia is about the best antidote. 
Then we have the cricket, ‘Jack Spaniard’’ (several varieties), 
which is a species of hornet; sandflies, centipedes, scorpions, &c., 
and a fine variety of butterflies. 

All things come to an end, and at last the day for our departure 
arrived, and it was with great regret that we had to leave this 
beautiful warm and sunny island for home. 

On the second day after leaving we arrived at Barbadoes, where 
we determined to stop for a week before going on to Jamaica. A 
few days after our arriva] in Barbadoes small-pox broke out, and 
we were much disappointed to find that the Royal Mail Company 
would not book us to Jamaica, as the other islands had quarantined 
all ships coming from Barbadoes, so we left Barbadoes by the 
next mail for England. 

The island of Barbadoes is in a sad state. They have depended 
entirely on their sugar industry, and now many of the estates 
have been abandoned, and there is little work for the large 
population, and a crisis has to be faced. The island is of coral 


a Trip to the West Indies. 25 


formation and comparatively flat, and is very bare of vegetation. 
Sugar is the only industry. The island is one of the most 
healthy of the West Indian group; the air is dry and salubrious. 

For the visitor I would recommend Bashuba, a small seaside 
resort, on the east coast facing the Atlantic. The coast is very 
wild and rocky, chiefly of petrified coral. The island, though so 
healthy, lacks the beautiful tropical verdure and the thousands 
of beauties which the other islands can boast of, and therefore 
after a short time becomes monotonous; so after a week we again 
went on board, homeward bound. The ship had its full com- 
plement of passengers, and twelve very pleasant days were spent 
on board. So, with one or two views showing the treasures that 
had been collected by the passengers, I will conclude by simply 
advising all those persons who wish to escape the miserable 
English winter, and are interested in the beauties of tropical 
life, to take a trip to the West-Indian Islands, which I am sure 
they will never forget. Time, of course, prevents me from 
dealing with many things I should like to have noticed, but I 
have endeavoured to give just an outline of the most important 
incidents ; and although I am thankful that we have photography 
to help us to record what we see, I regret that it can do it only 
very indifferently. 


2.—THE SworpD oF Oup JAPAN. 
By J. O. Petron, Esa., Member of the Japan Society. 
(Read April 15th, 1902.) 


Tue sword has been described as the most honoured of weapons, 
a symbol of military dignity and authority with which the monarch 
confers the honour of knighthood. Although its use as a weapon 
in deciding the issues of a contest is rapidly diminishing, such an 
expression as ‘‘drawing the sword”’ is as full of meaning as ever. 
It is not my intention this evening to endeavour to trace the 
origin of the sword in Japan; suffice it to say that its use is 
very ancient, and in that country the sword-blade and its acces- 
sories have from time immemorial been the product of the highest 
skill of some of the most accomplished workmen of the world. 
The sword of Japan has, however, only been familiar to the 
Western world for little more than thirty years, whereas the 
beautiful blades of Toledo, Damascus, India, and Persia have 
been known, at least by repute, for centuries; it is not unnatural, 

o 2 


26 Mr. J. O. Pelton on 


therefore, we should consider that in them the greatest perfection 
in the welding and tempering of steel has been reached. Yet it 
has been truly said that the Japanese blade has no superior, and 
some have boldly affirmed that the finest specimens in the quality 
of the metal and the keenness of their edge excel anything ever 
produced. Irench experts, than whom there are no more accom- 
plished critics, after a minute and exhaustive examination of some 
of the best Japanese blades, have expressed themselves to the 
effect that if they had not actually seen the results they should 
have considered them unattainable, and they further state, ‘‘ We 
can award nothing but praise to Japanese artificers, for they 
accomplish, with very rude appliances, wonders which are beyond 
the possibilities of our very best workmen, assisted as they are 
with all the resources of perfected machinery.” 

It was not until 1877 that the wearing of swords was abolished 
in Japan, when nearly two millions of people—for that was about 
the number of those entitled to carry these weapons—laid down 
arms which a few months before they would not have relinquished 
while life lasted. The immediate result was to glut the market 
with swords of every description, but the finer specimens soon 
found purchasers, and are now very difficult to obtain, being 
eagerly purchased back by the Japanese themselves. 

Many have doubted whether the great age ascribed to Japanese 
swords can be correct, considering their perfect preservation ; but 
this can be explained by the fact that for a thousand years at 
least Japanese swords have not altered in shape; consequently 
they never, like our weapons, become obsolete and useless; they 
were handed down as precious heirlooms from father to son. A 
Japanese samurai would part with his life by starvation rather 
than sell his father’s sword. There was no risk that it would be 
stolen, as each weapon was believed to have its own spirit, which 
would bring terrible evil upon a wrongful possessor. Many of 
the finest blades are unmounted, 7.e. they are without the orna- 
mental mounts which are such a unique feature with Japanese 
swords; they are instead encased in wooden scabbards, perfectly 
airtight, and thus calculated to preserve their qualities unim- 
paired. It is extremely rare for an ancient blade to retain its 
original mouuts, although hidden away in remote temples, er in 
the royal treasuries they may perchance be found. When re- 
quired the Japanese nobleman would have his cherished blade 
mounted either in elaborate mounts for purposes of display, or 
in more serviceable garb for stern warfare, but usually it would 
rest in its wooden sheath where its appearance and quality 
would be in no risk of deterioration. 

The ruler in Japan who did most to discourage the too fre- 
quent use of the sword, who patronized the famous Tea ceremony 
where the sword was forbidden to be worn, and where the con- 


bh 


the Sword of Old Japan. a 
versation indulged in by the guests must be of such a character 
as to raise no arguments or ill-feeling, yet left on record the 
saying, ‘‘ The girded sword is the living soul of the samurai,” 
he, the famous Iyeysan, the greatest of all the Shoguns, con- 
sidered the sword the central point in the morals and customs of 
the land, the badge of honour and the token of chivalry. 

The sword-forger was no ordinary artisan, his was a high social 
standing ; nor was his occupation unworthy of his position. The 
skill and care necessary to produce a first-class blade was not 
common property ; each forger of repute had his own particular 
methods, the twist and turns he gave to his metal, the degree of 
heat necessary for his tempering bath were secrets unknown to 
all but the master himself, even his assistants and pupils might 
be ignorant of them; hence it is that there are characteristics 
which enable Japanese experts to recognize the work of a par- 
ticular master even if there is no signature to guide them. I can, 
therefore, in describing the forging of a sword, give but a general 
idea of the process. A bar of iron or steel, or of both combined, 
would be carefully chosen; this would be heated to white heat 
and then bent double and hammered until it attained its original 
length ; this hammering and bending would be repeated fifteen 
times ; then four of these bars would be welded together and the 
bending and hammering repeated five times, until, at the final 
hammering, the number of layers would amount to 4,194,304 
(a very simple calculation will verify these figures). The metal 
would at this stage have a texture like the grain of wood. It was 
then beaten out to the required length; in the final hammerings 
the sword-forger sat alone while he gave these subtle touches to 
his work which were to distinguish it from all others. 

Apparently simple, but really requiring the utmost care, was 
the process of tempering. The blade at this point was entirely 
composed of soft metal; it was then covered over with a mixture 
of red earth and charcoal; before this hardened it was removed 
from a narrow streak at the edge. Thus prepared, the blade 
was placed in the fiercest part of the wood fire, and as soon as 
the proper colour was reached it was plunged into the tempering 
bath ; the exposed and highly heated portion was by this process 
rendered extremely hard and capable of taking a very sharp edge, 
while the remainder of the blade, protected by the paste, con- 
tinued tough and capable of bearing any reasonable strain 
without breaking. 

Hach master reculated the heat of the tempering bath to his 
own fancy, judging entirely by the feel, and jealously was the 
secret guarded. ‘There is a well-authenticated story of a great 
swordsmith who struck off the hand of a too venturesome pupil 
who, to learn the secret, plunged his hand at the critical moment 
into the bath; but, terrible as the penalty he had to pay, the 


28 Mr. J. O. Pelton on 


pupil had learned the secret, and in his time became one of the 
most famous of the swordsmiths of Japan. 

The Japanese implicitly believed that the spirit of the work- 
man entered into the steel, enduing the blade with certain charac- 
teristics peculiar to its maker. I quote from an admirable 
article by Sir Edwin Arnold :— 

‘They say that the difference between the swords of Masa- 
mune and Muramasa, two famous craftsmen, was due to their 
singing. A Masamune blade brought victory and luck every- 
where. A Muramasa sword was always leading its owner into 
quarrels, though it carried him through them well, and it would 
cause accidents and cut the fingers of friendly folks inspecting 
it, being never willing to go back to its scabbard without drinking 
blood. The real reason was, so runs the legend, that Muramasa 
while he sat at his work in the forge was ever singing a song 
which had the chorus of ‘ tenka tairan, tenka tatran,’ which 
means ‘trouble in the world, trouble in the world,’ whereas 
Masamune, the gentle and lucky swordsmith, always chanted 
while he worked, ‘tenka taihei, tathei,’ which signifies, ‘ peace 
be on earth, peace!’ Japanese people of the old days firmly 
believed that both the kindly words and the unkindly got some- 
how welded into the very spirit of the steel, so that Masamune’s 
blades prevented quarrels or brought to their wielders a quick 
victory, while Muramasa’s had in them a lurking instinct for 
doing mischief, a sort of itch to hurt and wound. All sorts of 
tales were told to illustrate this. There was a splendid sword 
of Muramasa’s which had killed by hara kiri (i.e. legal suicide) 
four of its possessors in succession. Once, too, when the Shogun 
Iyeyasu was handling a spearhead embedded in the helmet of one 
of his warriors, the point wounded his august hand. ‘See quickly,’ 
he said, ‘ what is the mark upon the accursed iron; it must be 
Muramasa’s.” Ani when they came to look at the maker’s name 
it was indeed a spearhead from the grim sword-maker’s who had 
chanted the thirst for blood into his yari and katana.” 

It is stated that to sharpen a fine Japanese blade required no 
less than fifty days’ work, and, simple as the operation may seem, 
it can only be done in Japan. ‘I look upon a well-finished 
Japanese blade,’’ writes Mr. Gilbertson, ‘‘as a marvel of 
mechanical skill and perfect workmanship.”’ ‘The work is done 
on a peculiar sort of stone, not on a wheel. Afterwards the 
blade is finished on a polishing stone dressed with oil, and finally 
burnished. The export of the stones required for these processes 
is prohibited. 

The forging of a sword was accompanied by a ceremonial 
ritual which partook almost of a religious character. The smith 
must lead a more or less religious life, abstaining from excesses 
of every kind. He clad himself in his ceremonial dress, and 


the Sword of Old Japan. 29 


wore the ebosht or small lacquered cap, while a shimenawa, or 
straw rope, was stretched across the smithy to scare away evil 
spirits and invite good ones. It was believed that the Kamis, 
or spirits of his ancestors, came to the forger’s, and when he 
hammered out the metal, put the blade into the furnace, 
annealed and tempered it, sharpened and polished it, and added 
the signature, the god Inari, who lives in the fir woods, and whose 
image for this reason is often accompanied by that of a fox, on 
some occasions came to help the forger in the making of his 
finest blades. 

According to an article by Philippe Burty, which appeared in a 
publication entitled ‘Artistic Japan,’ the possession of a renowned 
blade was of itself sufficient to ensure its owner being treated with 
the utmost respect. 

“A young Japanese, a page in the house of a prince, before 
the revolution of 1868, told me that sometimes a man in shabby 
and stained clothes appeared at the gate of the castle and begged 
for a hearing. He drew from his belt his two swords, placing 
them in the hands of the pages, and was in a short time allowed 
entrance. The younger people smiled at his strange appearance, 
and then hastened to examine his swords, which were placed upon 
a rack of lacquer decorated with armorial bearings. When the 
man retired he received back his swords, which were presented to 
him with the greatest respect. Their exquisite quality bore 
witness to the fact that they alone remained as relics of the 
former exalted position of their master.”’ 

Although it was the privilege of a numerous and powerful 
class to carry two swords, it was forbidden to wear them in the 
presence of the Ekmperor, or even to draw the blade within the 
precincts of the palace. A story, probably true, is told of a certain 
damio, high in imperial favour, who, hearing before he went to 
the palace of a plot against his life, entered with his ki dachi, 
i.e. @ sword with a wooden blade, which was permissible, but to 
deceive his enemies he had had the wooden blade coated with 
silver paper, thus presenting the appearance of an actual blade ; 
this he drew and flourished about, by this means intimidating 
his enemies, who, knowing him to be an accomplished fencer, 
refrained from attacking him. On leaving, he deposited the 
weapon at the door of the palace. Next morning he was 
summoned, as he had anticipated, to explain his conduct, for he 
had apparently incurred the penalty of death. Calling for the 
sword he had deposited, he broke the wooden blade in the presence 


.of the Emperor, covering his enemies with confusion, and rising 


still higher in the monarch’s favour. 

No student of Japanese history can fail to be familiar with 
the story of the Forty-seven Ronin. Grossly insulted by a high 
official, Asano, the lord of the castle of Ako, drew his sword 


SE SE a a a ne 


i 
Ke 


30 Mr. J. O. Pelton on 


within the sacred precincts, for which offence he was condemned 
to perform hara-kiri, i.e. commit suicide by disembowelling. The 
story of how his faithful dependants, forty-seven in number, 
finally avenged their master’s death, and by so doing incurred 
the same fate, is a terrible story of fierce heroism too long to 
recount here. 

The extraordinary feats that are accomplished by Japanese 
swords may seem incredible. It is said that so keen can the 
edge of a first-class blade be made, that if held upright in 
running water the reeds and grasses which are floating down 
with the current will be divided when they come in contact with 
it. A Japanese nobleman of the old school would not consider 
a blade satisfactory unless it would cut a bar of iron and sever 
a falling hair. But these feats, which seem so incredible, have 
been vouched for by reliable authorities, both native and foreign. 
The fact that a bar of iron or a falling hair can be divided is 
of course only possible when the blade is sharpened to its 
utmost, and in the former case is wielded by an accomplished 
expert. No novice, however powerful, could accomplish it; it is a 
work of skill, not of force. Those of you who may have witnessed 
Japanese gymnastics, fencing, wrestling, conjuring, &c., will 
admit that in all these they have knacks and tricks which are in 
many ways superior to anything we can show. In the hands of 
an accomplished expert the Japanese sword is the most effective 
cutting instrument in the world. The most wonderful part of 
the matter is that the quality of the metal is so good, and the 
tempering carried to such perfection, that, though subjected to 
such severe tests, a fine blade will be uninjured and its beauty 
unimpaired. 

The best experts—I believe they exist with very few exceptions 
only in Japan—can tell, when the sharpening and polishing of 
the blade is completed, who has wrought it, and if they are 
government officials are empowered to give a certificate written 
on special paper and stamped. Only a most consummate judge 
can note and estimate all the markings which a fine blade will 
show,—the nioi, misty spots and flecks, fleecy and broken apart 
like clouds; tobi yaki, flying burns, t.e. isolated specks of soft 
white. Along the edge would appear little points of bright 
silver, called nie; then there would be the uwtswri, or reflection, 
resembling the mist round the moon; the chikei, small films of 
white; the niadzuma, or lightning flashes; the swnagashi, resem- 
bling specks of sand in a row; the ucki yoke, or narrow forge- 
marks. The blade which combined all these would be the 
treasured possession of a damio, to be handed down from father 
to son, an heirloom never to be parted with. 

An examination of swords will show differences that are 
difficult of explanation. I refer more particularly to the grooves 


the Sword of Old Japan. 51 


or blood-channels which are cut in many of them. Very rarely 
the grooves will be filled with red lacquer; in some blades there 
are two grooves, generally of unequal length; the grooves may 
extend nearly the whole length of the blade, or may affect a 
portion only, while very frequently they are absent altogether. 
The blades are also very variable in weight; some, even of the 
long swords, are extremely light, others have a most formidable 
weight. It seems as if each blade had been made for a particular 
individual, who, while keeping to certain recognised rules, had in 
other particulars allowed his personal predilections to have full play. 
Sometimes the name of the owner will appear with that of the 
forger. Itis not unusual to find a good blade withonuta signature; 
certain makers, it is said, omitted their signature because no one 
could fail to recognise their work. It is not at all improbable 
that many signatures have been added. long after the forging of 
the blade, either by a pupil or an expert; it was customary in 
such cases to inlay the signature with gold or red lacquer, to show 
it was not the swordsmith’s own work; signatures were, however, 
added without this distinction. Mr. Gilbertson makes the 
following pertinent allusion to the subject :— 

‘““If the signature of Masamune was placed, a hundred years 
ago, on a blade that no one will certify as by him, it may be 
fairly assumed that the style and quality of the blade so closely 
resembled his work that it was likely to be mistaken for it by any 
ordinary collector, and is therefore worth purchasing, though not 
an original.”’ 

A boy of noble birth would carry two swords from the early 
age of seven, but until he was fifteen they would be of small size; 
at the latter age he received the weapons he was to carry through 
life and hand down unsullied to his heir. ‘It can be easily 
imagined,” writes Marcus Huish, ‘‘that in a country where 
internal wars were constantly carried on, where private quarrels 
grew into family feuds, where the vendetta were unhindered by 
law and applauded by society, where the slightest breach of 
etiquette could only be repaired by the death of one or other of 
the parties, and where a stain of any sort upon one’s character 
necessitated suicide with one’s own weapon, attention was very 
early directed towards obtaining perfection in the only article of 
defence or offence a Japanese carried.” 

I cannot here describe in detail the ‘‘hara-kiri,” or suicide by 
disembowelling ; I merely allude to it as one of the reasons why 
a Japanese nobleman would consider it necessary to carry a keen 
weapon. The custom originated during the sanguinary internecine 
wars which for centuries desolated Japan. Prisoners of war in 
those fierce days were always condemned to death; but it was 
felt that they hardly deserved to suffer by the hand of the 
executioner like common felons; they were therefore permitted 


39 | Mr. J. O. Pelton on 


to commit suicide, and around this terrible custom grew up one 
of the most elaborate ceremonials of old Japan, only abolished, 
and then after desperate opposition, when contact with western 
nations rendered it no longer possible. The ceremony is 
minutely described in Mitford’s ‘ Tales of Old Japan.’ 

Japanese sword-blades are divided into two groups, koto and 
shinto ; koto, which are the older blades, being considered the 
better. The date of division is 1596. I am indebted for this 
information to a paper by Mr. Gilbertson, who, however, expresses 
his inability to account for that particular year being chosen, as 
fine blades described as koto, were certainly forged well into the 
seventeenth century; but, speaking generally, the koto blades 
were forged when war was the normal condition of society, while 
the shinto blades belong to the era of profound peace with which 
Japan was blessed for two centuries and a half. This fact, I 
think, largely accounts for the preference of the Japanese for the 
older blades. Although the majority of the fine blades are koto, 
many smiths in the shinto period forged blades equal to any- 
thing their predecessors had produced. It has been stated that 
a wound from a koto blade would probably prove fatal, while a 
similar wound from a shinto blade would readily heal; but I do 
not consider the statement worthy of credence. 

A legend connected with the sword seems to indicate that the 
blades were divided into sexes. A certain king became mysteriously 
possessed of two masses of iron, of which he commanded a sword 
to be made. But the smith made two swords of surpassing fineness, 
male and female, one only of which he gave to the king, burying 
the other in the ground. The secret was, however, discovered 
by the continued presence of moisture on the king’s blade, which 
lamented its absent mate, and the king summoned the smith to 
his presence. The smith, forseeing his fate, told his wife of the 
sword, which he bade her dig up and give to his three-year-old 
son when he should be come to man’s estate. It befell as he 
expected, and on his refusal to disclose the whereabouts of the 
sword he was put to death. There is no explanation of the 
smith’s reason for refusing to deliver up the sword. 

Foremost among the popular legends connected with the 
sword is the story of Susano and the Hight-headed Dragon, not 
unlike the familiar legend of St. George and the Dragon. Susano 
was the son of Isanachi, the creative spirit, and brother of 
Amterasu, the radiant Sun Goddess. Susano, being very ill- 
behaved, so exasperated his sister that she retired into a cave, 
and the universe was plunged in darkness. After much trouble 
the gods enticed her from her retreat, and banished Susano. 
Wandering disconsolately along the sea-shore, he encountered 
two fond parents with their arms around their daughter, the fair 
Kushinada. He learns from them that a terribie dragon, with 


the Sword of Old Japan. | 38 


eight heads, has devoured all the maidens in the country, and 
now their child too must go. Susano resolves to slay the dragon. 
Filling eight jars with sake, a fermented liquor made from rice, 
he awaited the foe. Soon the monster appeared, and, as Susano 
had anticipated, plunges a head into each of the jars. He was 
soon intoxicated, and in that condition was slain by Susano, who 
proceeded to cut up the body; but his sharp blade struck against 
a hard substance in the tail of the monster, which proved to be 
a beautifully mounted sword. This sword was subsequently pre- 
sented by Amterasu to the first emperor, B.c. 585, together with 
the mirror and the sacred gem—the three sacred relics still to be 
seen in the Royal Treasury. ‘‘ Preserve them,’ said the Sun 
Goddess, ‘‘ and your empire shall endure while heaven and earth 
remain.” It is a singular fact that during twenty-five centuries 
the imperial sceptre has never passed to any other dynasty, the 
only example in the world’s history. The sword in question is 
also known as ‘‘ the sword of the clustering clouds.”’ 

Many famous swords are existing in the kuras of noble 
families, or in the temples, though the legends associated with 
them are not always, I need hardly say, authentic; but we can 
eredit the story of the Higikiri, or beard-cutter, that, after cut- 
ting off a man’s head, also divided his beard ; or of the Hizamaru, 
the knee-cutter, which, in beheading a kneeling criminal, cut his 
knees also in its downward course. The edge of a famous blade 
made by Nagamitsu was so keen that it cut through a small bean 
thrown into the air. 

Rigid etiquette attended the wearing and the use of the sword 
in Old Japan. Dr. Lyman says :—‘‘ To draw a sword from its 
scabbard without begging leave of the others present was not 
thought polite; to clash the scabbard of your sword against 
another was a great rudeness ; to turn the sword in the scabbard 
as if to draw was tantamount to a challenge; and to lay your 
weapon on the floor, and to kick the guard towards another, was an 
intolerable insult that generally resulted in a combat to the death.” 

Another writer states :—‘‘ The rules of observance connected 
with the wearing of the long and short sword, or the single 
sword, were most minute, but have fallen into disuse. In 
former days the most trivial breach of this elaborate observance 
was often the cause of murderous brawls and dreadful reprisals. 
To express a wish to see a sword was not usual, unless when a 
blade of great value was in question, and then a request to be 
shown it would be a compliment appreciated by the happy 
possessor. The sword would then be handed with the back 
towards the guest, the edge turned towards the owner, and the 
hilt to the left, the guest wrapping the hilt either in the little 
silk napkin always carried by gentlemen in their girdle-books, or 
in a sheet of clean paper. The blade was drawn from the scab- 


34 Mr. W. Murton Holmes on Foraminifera 


bard, and admired inch by inch, but not to the full length, 
unless the owner pressed the guest to do so, and then, with much 
apology, the blade was entirely drawn, and held away from the 
other persons present. After being admired it would, if appa- 
rently necessary, be carefully wiped with a special cloth, sheathed, 
and returned to its owner as before.” 

I will finish my paper with the concluding words of Sir Edwin 
Arnold’s able article :— 

‘These high manners of the steel bred that Japanese courtli- 
ness and chivalry which have survived it. The cult of the 
Katana is now forever at an end in Dai Nippon—the Samurai 
and Lords of the Land have laid aside their proudly cherished 
weapons, and go abroad as peacefully as the Akindo, the mer- 
chant. Yet there are fine swordsmen still to be found among 
the quietest of the emperors, senators, and lieges, and I have my- 
self seen wonderful things done by some of them with ancient 
blades. Moreover, the measured spirit, the deep and headful 
reverence, the silent dignity, the mstincts of manhood, which 
clustered round the steel are still characteristic of the race, and 
the swords, though no longer worn, are proudly and carefully 
preserved in many a mansion, castle, and temple..... Japan, 
by a wonderful effort of abnegation on the part of her upper 
classes, altogether laid aside the perilous habit of going abroad 
with a girdle full of swords and daggers. It was a noble sub- 
mission to new ideas; yet to this day a Japanese gentleman 
raises your sword to his forehead, and bows deeply before he 
examines it; nor will he uncover a single inch of the shining 
and sacred steel without gravely obtaining your permission and 
that of the company present.”’ 

Mr. Pelton exhibited several fine blades by the leading Japanese 
swordsmiths. 


3.—FOoORAMINIFERA FROM THE GAULT At MEmRSTHAM. 
By W. Murron Hotmss. 
(Read May 27th, 1902.) 


Tuer Foraminifera referred to in these notes were obtained in 
the early part of 1899, on the occasion of a visit of the Natural » 
History Club to the new cutting through the Greensand and 
Gault, on the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway, a 
little to the north of Merstham. 

Gault is a Cambridgeshire provincial term applied toa dark, 


from the Gault at Merstham. 35 


stiff, blue, sometimes sandy or calcareous clay, with layers of 
pyritous and phosphatic nodules, and occasional seams of green 
sand, which separates the Upper from the Lower Greensand. 
It is considered to be the lowest member of the Upper Cretaceous 
formation. In thickness it varies from about one hundred to 
upwards of three hundred feet, and some of the strata are very 
rich in organic remains, among which ammonites, belemnites, 
inocerami, and other mollusca, crustaceans, and sharks’ teeth 
are of frequent occurrence. At Betchworth, Dunton Green, 
Otford, and other places it is used for the manufacture of bricks 
and tiles. 

The best section of Gault is seen at Copt Point, near Folke- 
stone, where it is about one hundred and thirty feet thick. 
Here there is a complete exposure of a series of strata, and, from 
its easy accessibility, it has been selected as a basis for zonal 
subdivision by geologists, who have divided it into eleven zones. 

A glance at a geological map shows a line of Gault extending 
westward from Folkestone almost unbroken, except where cut 
through by river valleys, passing Wye, Ashford, Sevenoaks, God- 
stone, Merstham, Betchworth, and Guildford, to Farnham. Here 
it takes a southerly direction as far as Petersfield, when it turns 
eastward, passes north of Lewes, and comes to a full stop at 
Willington, near Hastbourne, thus forming an elongated basin 
enclosing the members of the Lower Cretaceous, that is to say, 
the Lower Greensand, Weald Clay, and Hastings Beds. 

The term Foraminifera igs applied to an order of animals 
belonging to the Protozoa, mostly microscopic, which have 
existed, according to Dr. Carpenter, without any fundamental 
modification or advance from the primitive type from the Palexo- 
zoic period down to the present time. Although minute, the 
number of individuals is so incalculable, that vast mountain 
ranges, such as the nummulitic limestone of Hocene times, are 
very largely composed of their remains. in the Carboniferous 
Limestone, the Oolite, and the Chalk their skeletons are also 
extremely abundant. In the living state Foraminifera consist 
of a minute particle of protoplasm, or sarcode, or of an aggre- 
gation of such particles, without any distinction of parts into 
organs or tissues. ‘This protoplasm is capable of extending any 
part of its substance into filaments, called pseudopodia, either 
for locomotion or for the purpose of obtaining food; it, moreover, 
secretes a shell, or test, which is either calcareous, or made up 
of agglutinated particles of mud or sand, or even of other shells, 
or of sponge spicules. Some forms of these shells are profusely 
perforated by minute pores (foramina), through which the pseudo- 
podia are protruded, and from this circumstance the name of the 
order is derived. 

This property of extending pseudopodia is not confined to the 


36 Mr. W. Murton Holmes on Foraminifera 


Protozoa, but belongs to all living protoplasm. It occurs in 
the white corpuscles of blood, and also in pus cells. It is 
exhibited also by vegetable protoplasm, as in the case of the 
plasmodia of the Myxomycetes, an order of Fungi. These 
plasmodia—the flowers-of-tan, for example—are the early stages 
of the plant, and consist of masses of naked protoplasm, without 
any distinction of cells or tissues, creeping from ,place to place 
over the ground or decaying vegetable matter. In due course 
the whole plasmodium is converted into sporangia, which are 
spherical bodies in which the spores are formed. 

The Foraminifera from the Gault at Folkestone have been 
systematically worked out, and the results published in the 
‘Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society,’ by Mr. Frederick 
Chapman, to whom I must express my acknowledgments for 
kindly examining my slides and revising the names of the speci- 
mens. My specimens were obtained from two small pieces of 
Gault at Merstham, one from the top and the other from the 
bottom of the cutting. These have yielded fifty-one species, 
comprising sixteen genera, and belonging to four families. There 
is no doubt that the number of species found would be largely 
increased if a greater quantity of the Gault were operated upon. 

The best method of extracting the Foraminifera is to first 
thoroughly dry the Gault in an oven, not too hot, then place it 
on a moderately fine strainer and wash thoroughly in a stream 
of water until the washings are no longer turbid. The contents 
of the strainer should then be dried, and the Foraminifera picked 
out, with the assistance of a lens, by means of a moistened camel- 
hair brush. 


Sub-kingdom PROTOZOA. 


Body consisting of a minute mass of protoplasm, or an aggregation 
of such masses, without differentiation of parts into organs or tissues, 
either with or without a testaceous envelope or skeletal framework. 


Class RHIZOPODA. 


Protoplasmic body capable of protruding any portion of its sub- 
stance in the shape of lobes, bands, or threads, for the purpose of 
locomotion or the prehension of food; generally more or less completely 
inclosed in a testaceous envelope; nucleus and contractile vesicle 
present or absent. 

Order FoRAMINIFERA. 


Pseudopodia protruded as fine threads which flow together wherever 
they touch, forming a network of granular protoplasm; nucleus and 
vacuoles generally indistinguishable; tests either chitinous, calcareous, 
or of agglutinated sand or shells, never siliceous. 


Family MILIoLipé. 
Test caleareous, imperforate, porcellanous. 


from the Gault at Merstham. o7 


Sub-family Min1oLinina. 


Test coiled on an elongated axis, in a single plane, or inequilater- 
ally ; chambers two in each convolution. 


Genus SprrotocuLina, D’Orbigny. 
Chambers in a single plane, all visible on both sides of the shell. 


Spiroloculina papyracea (Burrows, Sherborne, and Bailey).—This 
occurs in some abundance in the upper part of the Gault at Merstham. 
The species was described from a thin and much compressed form 
from the Red Chalk of Flamborough Head. 

S. mtida, d’Orbigny.—Upper Gault of Merstham. Mid-Jurassic, 
recent. 

Genus MILIOLINA. 


Chambers inequilateral, coiled around the long axis of the shell 


in such a way that more than two (usually three or five) are visible 


externally. 


Miltolina venusta, Karrer, sp.—Upper Gault, Merstham. Gault, 
recent. 
M. Ferussacw, d’Orbigny, sp.—Upper Gault. Gault, recent. 


Family TEXTULARIDE. 


Tests of the larger species arenaceous, either with or without a 
perforate calcareous basis; smaller forms hyaline and conspicuously 
perforated. Chambers arranged in two or more alternating series, or 
spiral, or confused; often dimorphous. 


Genus TRITAXIA. 


Monomorphous. Segments alternating in three rows. Aperture 
simple, produced, central. 


Tritanva tricarinata, Reuss.—Upper Gault and bottom of cutting, 
Merstham. Lower Greensand, recent. 
T. pyramidata, Reuss.—Upper Gault. Gault, Chalk. 


Genus GAUDRYINA. 


Karly segments triserial; aperture either textularian, or situated in 
a short terminal neck. 


Gaudryina oxycona, Reuss.—Upper Gault and bottom of cutting. 


Gault, Upper Chalk. 


Genus BULIMINA. 
Test spiral, elongate, more or less tapering; often triserial. 


Bulimina affinis, d’Orbigny.—Upper Gault. Lower Greensand, 
recent. 

B. brevis, d’Orbigny.—Upper Gault. Lower Greensand, Chalk. 

B. Orbignyt, Reuss.—Upper Gault and bottom of cutting, Merst- 
ham. Gault, Chalk. 

B. Pres, Reuss.—U pper Gault and borer of cutting. Gault, Chalk. 

B. Presi var. sabulosa, Chapman.—-Upper Gault and bottom of 
cutting. Gault, Chalk Marl. 

B. obliqua, VOrbigny.—Upper Gault. Gault, Chalk. 


38 Mr. W. Murton Holmes on Foraminifera 


Family LAGENID2. 


Test calcareous, very finely perforated; either monothalamous, or 
consisting of a number of chambers joined in a straight, curved, spiral, 
alternating, or (rarely) branching series. Aperture simple or radiate, 
terminal. No interseptal skeleton nor canal system. 


Genus NODOSARIA. 


Test straight or curved, circular in transverse section; aperture 
typically central. 


Nodosaria cylindracea, Reuss.—Upper Gault. Gault, Chalk. 

N. consobrina, dV Orbigny.—U pper Gault. Gault, recent. 

N. communis, VOrbigny.—Upper Gault. Permian, recent. 

N. farcimen, Reuss.—Upper Gault and bottom of cutting. Lias, 
recent. 

N. paupercula, Reuss.—Upper Gault. Gault, Chalk. 

N. obscura, Reuss.—Upper Gault. Lower Greensand, Chalk. 

N. bambusa, Chapman.—Upper Gault. Gault. 

N. raristriata, Chapman.—Upper Gault. Gault, Chalk. 

N. hispida, VOrbigny.—Upper Gault. Lias, recent. 

N. tenwicosta, Reuss.—Bottom of cutting. Neocomian, Chalk. 

N. prismatica, Reuss.—Upper Gault and bottom of cutting. Neo- 
comian, Gault. 

N. tetragona, Reuss.— Upper Gault and bottom of cutting. Aptian, 
Gault. 

N. orthopleura, Reuss.—Upper Gault. Gault. 


Genus FRONDICULARIA. 


Test compressed or complanate, segments V-shaped, equitant; 
primordial chamber distinct. 


Frondicularva Parkert, Reuss.—Bottom of cutting. Gault. 
FE’. Guestphalica, Reuss.—Bottom of cutting. Gault. 
FF. planifoliwm, Chapman.—Bottom of cutting. Gault. 


Genus RHABDOGONIUM. 
Test straight or slightly curved, triangular or quadrangular in section. 


Rhabdogoniwm tricarinatum var. acutangulum, Reuss.— Upper 
Gault. Neocomian, Gault (and Red Chalk). 


Genus MARGINULINA. 


Test elongate, curved; segments nearly circular in section; aperture 
marginal. 


Marginulina soluta, Reuss.—Upper Gault. 
M. striato-costata, Keuss.—Upper Gault. Neocomian, recent. 


Genus VAGINULINA. 


Test elongate, compressed or complanate, septation oblique, aper: 
ture marginal. 


Vaginulina recta, Reuss.—Upper Gault and bottom of cutting. 
Gault, Chalk Marl. 


from the Gault at Merstham. 39 


V. arguta, Reuss.—Upper Gault and bottom of cutting. Gault 
and Red Chalk. 

V. truncata, Reuss.—Upper Gault and bottom of cutting. Neo- 
comian, Chalk Marl. 

V. truncata var. robusta, Berthelin and Chapman.—Upper Gault 
and bottom of cutting. Gault. 


Genus CRISTELLARIA. 


Test plano-spiral in part or entirely; complanate, lenticular, crosier- 
shaped, or ensiform. 

Cristellaria gaultina, Berthelin.—Upper Gault and bottom of 
cutting. Gault, Chalk. 

C. rotulata, Lamarck.—Upper Gault. Jurassic, recent. 

C. rotulata var. macrodiscus, Reuss.—Upper Gault and bottom of 
cutting. Neocomian, Gault (and Red Chalk). 

C. Bronni, Romer.—Upper Gault. Gault. 

C. circumcidanea, Berthelin.—Upper Gault. Gault. 

C. complanata, Reuss.—Upper Gault. Lower Greensand, Chalk 
(Turonian). 

C. vestita, Berthelin.— Upper Gault. Lower Greensand, Chalk Marl. 

C. gibba, d’Orbigny.—Bottom of cutting. Lias, recent. 


Genus PoLYMORPHINA. 
Segments bi- or tri-serial or irregularly spiral, aperture radiate. 
Polymorphina compressa, d’Orbigny.—Upper Gault. Lias, recent. 


Sub-family RaMULININE. 
Test irregular, branching. 


Genus RAMULINA. 


Test branching, composed of pyriform chambers connected by long 
stoloniferous tubes. 


Ramulina aculeata, Wright.—Upper Gault and bottom of cutting. 
Jurassic, Tertiary. 


Genus VITRIWEBBINA, Chapman. 

Test adherent, consisting of a series of hemispherical or elliptical 
chambers, gradually increasing in size and usually arranged in a 
curve. Aperture, a simple crescentic slit at the termination of the 
last chamber. 

Vitriwebbina levis, Sollas.—Bottom of cutting. Gault, Chalk 
(Turonian). 

Family GLOBIGERINIDZ. 


Test free, calcareous, perforate; chambers few, inflated, arranged 
spirally ; aperture single or multiple, conspicuous. 


Genus GLOBIGERINA. 


Test coarsely perforate; trochoid, rotaliform, or symmetricall 
plano-spiral. — 


Globigerina cretacea, d’Orbigny.—Upper Gault. Lower Greensand, 
recent. 


D 


40 Mr. George Clinch on Recent 


Genus ANOMALINA. 
Test nearly alike on both faces; coarsely porous. 


Anomalina anmonoides, Reuss.— Upper Gault and bottom of 
cutting. Lower Greensand, recent. 

A. rudis, Reuss.—Upper Gault. Gault, Cenomanian. 

A. complanata, Reuss.—Upper Gault and bottom of cutting. Ap- 
tian, Eocene. 


When sending me the list of names, Mr. Chapman wrote :-— 
“The assemblage is of much interest, and especially I would 
note the occurrence of Spiroloculina papyracea, Burrows, Sher- 
borne, and Bailey, in some abundance from the Upper Gault. 
I did not find this at Folkestone, and, in fact, it has been found 
only at Speeton, in the Red Chalk, possibly at about the same 
horizon. Some of the Gault specimens approach my S. nitida 
from Folkestone, but differ in some respects. Marginulina 
soluta, Reuss, also was not obtained from Folkestone, but occurs 
in the Cambridge Greensand.” (See Annals of Nat. Hist. for 
April (1899 ?) ). 

OSTRACODA. 

Bairdia subdeltoidea, Miinster.—Bottom of cutting. 

Cythereis auriculata, Cornnel.—Bottom of cutting. 

C. triplicata, Romer.—Upper Gault. 

C. ornatissima, Reuss, var. reticulata.—Bottom of cutting. 

Cytherella ovata, Romer.—Bottom of cutting. 

C. Muenstert, Romer.—Bottom of cutting. 

C. Williamsoniana, Jones, var. stricta.—Bottom of cutting. 


4,—Recent Discovertes at Wappon, SuRREY. 


By Grorce Cuincu, F.G.S. 
(Read October 21st, 1902.) 


Harty in June, 1902, our Vice President, Mr. W. Whitaker, 
F'.R.S., was so good as to draw my attention to the fact that 
certain subterranean chambers had been found under the lawn 
near Waddon House, the residence of the late Mr. Philip 
Crowley, F.L.8. I took an early opportunity of visiting the site, 
and found that in the course of some excavations for a projected 
sewer in these grounds three chambers, cut in a bed of compact 
sand, had been brought to light. The chambers, of which a 
sketch ground-plan is here given, were found to be partly occu- 
pied by sand, which had probably been washed in by the rain. 
On the removal of the loose sand, however, a compact floor was 


emcee ee eee Se a er 


Trans. Croydon N. H. 8. 


ENTRANCE TO CHAMBER A, SEEN FROM THE INTERIOR. 
(From a photo. by Mr. John Noaks.) 


INTRANCE TO CHAMBER B, SEEN FROM THE INTERIOR. 
(From a photo. by Dr. J. M. Hobson.) 


ANCIENT CHAMBERS AT WADDON. 


Discoveries at Waddon, Surrey. 41 


discovered in each chamber, at a depth of about fifteen feet below 
the surface of the ground. It was also found that the chambers 
were of beehive shape, about seven feet in height, and varying 
from twelve feet to something less in diameter. The regular 
form of the chambers is remarkable. It was probably produced, 
after the chamber was roughly shaped, by the excavator standing 
in the centre of the floor and scraping the sides and roof with a 
wooden tool. 


aww ew ew oe c= @ 5 


oe ade 


~ ee ey 


Fic. 1.—Anctent CHAMBERS AT WapDon. 
Plan with scale of feet. 


Once made in this way, there would be little fear of the roof 
falling in, because the sand, owing partly to its having been de- 
posited in water, and partly to the slight proportion of clay it 
contains, is remarkably hard and firm. This particular quality 
of the Thanet beds, well known to modern geologists, was 
doubtless known also to the men who excavated the Waddon 
chambers. 

Each of the three chambers had its independent oval-shaped 
opening on the 8.8.H. side, but it is clear there was no other 
means of access to them until the crowns of their dome-shaped 
roofs were cut into in constructing the modern sewer-trench. 
This trench was fortunately made in such a way as to expose 
these three chambers without seriously damaging them, and it 

D 2 


| Stn 


42, Mr. George Clinch on Recent 


was found possible to preserve them for a sufficiently long time 
to allow of a careful examination, not only of their interesting 
and ingenious construction, or rather excavation, but also of the 
loose sand lying upon the floors, and in one case of the material 
with which the entrance and lateral avenue of approach were 
filled. It was thus possible to give much closer attention to 
several points than would have been the case if the chambers 
had collapsed, or if they had been discovered and explored by 
their ancient entrances. 

Some of the observations made, particularly in connection 
with the relative positions of the hard unmoved sand and ‘‘ made 
earth,” have proved of great value in the intricate work of tracing 
the ancient environments of these sepulchral chambers. 

Upon removing the loose sand which covered the floors of the 
chambers with an uneven layer, several cores and chips of green- 
coated flints were found, together with some small fragments of 
imperfectly baked pottery and some larger pieces of Romano- 
British pottery. 

Perhaps I may be pardoned if I take this opportunity of saying 
a word or two about the kind of stones generally known as green- 
coated flints. From the specimens now exhibited it will be seen 
that the external part is of a deep olive-green colour; below this 
is an orange-coloured layer, whilst the interior of the flint 
nodule is of the ordinary unaltered kind seen in a newly-broken 
flint from the Chalk, with which we are all familiar. 

A layer of these green-coated flints is generally, perhaps 
always, found at the base of the Thanet beds. Nearer Waddon 
railway station, where a lower level sewer-trench has been dug, 
there is a well-pronounced stratum containing these green-coated 
flints, and there is clear evidence that these flints have been 
worked into neolithic implements. This digging for special flint 
for implement-making is perhaps one of the more interesting 
points of the discoveries at Waddon. 

Now, the presence within the chambers of flint implements 
made of the green-coated variety is of considerable importance, 
because such flint, which is tough and specially suitable for the 
manufacture of implements, is hardly ever found above the base 
of the Thanet beds. It is pretty clear, therefore, that these 
materials were procured at the lower level and brought up the 
hill to the chambers. This is a piece of work which obviously 
could not have been done by rain-wash or similar forces. 

The worked flints found actually within the chambers consist 
of a large proportion of cores of green-coated flint, a few flakes 
and chips broken from them, and a smaller proportion of cores 
of ordinary chalk-flint. It is probable that some of the more 
minute pieces of flint were overlooked, as, among the sand 
thrown out, a considerable number of small flakes, including a 


Discoveries at Waddon, Surrey. 43 


well-made saw,* were found. In the loose sand, fragments of 
pottery, evidently of Romano-British character, were found. 

In the sand filling up the lateral avenue several fragments of 
mammalian bones were discovered. These have been submitted 
for examination and identification to Mr. E. T. Newton, F.R.S., 
who kindly reports that they consist of the upper teeth, meta- 
tarsal, phalange, &c., of a young ox, probably Bos longifrons, the 
tooth of Ovis aries, the teeth of Sus scrofa, and the canine teeth 
of a dog or wolf. No fragment of bones could be pronounced to 
be human. When found these bones were in a very fragile con- 
dition, but, thanks to the kindness of Dr. H. Franklin Parsons, 
they have now been treated with size. These bones, flint-cores, 
and flakes are now deposited on exhibition in the Town Hall, 
Croydon. 


Fic. 2.—Ancrent CHAMBERS At Wappon. 
Section c-d (see plan), with scale of feet. 


We have now to consider the material with which the passage 
(fig. 2) leading to chamber A was filled, and which also covered 
the whole of the floor of that chamber. This consisted of sand, 
which at first sight was indistinguishable from the undisturbed 
sand of the Thanet beds, but when tested by probing it was 
found to be much less hard. 

In examining this deposit the greatest care was exercised, 
because it seemed likely that the objects found in it might give 
at least a clue to the period of the excavation of the chambers. 

Before describing our discoveries, however, I should like to 
say one or two words on the general subject of deposits of this 
kind. THivery one, of course, admits that a careful examination 


* I was present when this was found by Mr. F. R. Hobson.—G. C. 


44 Mr. George Clinch on Recent 


of this kind of deposit is of the utmost value in scientific 
archeology, but it may not be so widely recognised that there 
are two distinct kinds of deposits of this sort. One kind, which 
may be called simple, is admirably typified by the rubbish-pits 
found on the site of the Romano-British city of Silchester. 
From these many important objects illustrative of Roman times 
have been obtained. The pits were purposely dug in the earth 
as receptacles for rubbish of various kinds, such as broken 
pottery, glass, &c.; and the accumulation of rubbish in them 
went on gradually and in regular order, so that one can safely 
assign objects found in the lowest deposits to an earlier period 
than those of the upper layers. 

But there is another class of deposits which may be termed 
complex. This is well represented by certain filled-in deneholes, 
where we find not only a deposit made in regular order, but also 
one or more beds made up of material brought down from the 
sides of the shaft and the upper surface when collapse or partial 
collapse of the pit has occurred. In such cases the upper 
deposits may, and sometimes do, contain antiquities of an earlier 
period than that of the excavation of the pit, and they must be 
regarded by the archeologist exactly as ‘‘derived’’ fossils are 
regarded by the geologist. 

The various bones of Bos longifrons found at Waddon have 
already been mentioned, and I think they afford sufficient evi- 
dence that the lateral approach to the chamber has in the main 
been filled up in the simple manner just described. If this be 
accepted we have additional ground for the opinion that the 
chambers are of very considerable antiquity, for it is generally 
admitted that this particular variety of ox was extinct in Britain 
in the fourth or fifth century a.p., and has been introduced again 
into this country only in comparatively recent times. 

Among the various subterranean excavations in Great Britain 
there seems to be nothing to which the Waddon chambers can 
be exactly, or even approximately, likened. The most super- 
ficial examination would be sufficient to prove that they belong 
to an entirely different class of excavations to those commonly 
known as deneholes. Their small dimensions, the absence of a 
perpendicular shaft, and their occurrence in sand, are among the 
most obvious points of dissimilarity. Their form and plan, too, 
are equally unlike those of deneholes. On the other hand, they 
do not present any feature in common with mines for flint (those 
at Grimes, Graves, and Cissbury for example), or the curious 
beehive-shaped buildings found under the surface of the ground 
in the Isle of Purbeck.* 

In looking for similar excavations on the Continent of Europe, 


* Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association, vol. vill. No. 7 (July, 1884), 
pp. 404-410, 


Discoveries at Waddon, Surrey. 45 


the chambers which seem to approach these most closely in 
shape, size, and particularly in plan, are certain underground 
excavations at Palmella in Portugal, which, as M. Cartailhac * 
has shown, were chiefly devoted to sepulchral purposes, and 
belong to the latter end of the period of polished stone. 

M. Cartailhac draws attention to a feature which occurs both 
in the Palmella and the Waddon chambers, viz. the incurved 
walls on each side of the entrance. He points out that this 
arrangement was probably made as a provision against the 
special wear and rubbing to which that part of the chamber 
would be subject. It would seem, therefore, that these chambers 
were frequently entered, and the natural inference is that they 
were occasionally used as shelters or dwellings; but if, as will 
presently be shown, the tomb-chamber was modelled on the plan 
of the dwelling-house, it is conceivable that this feature may 
have been reproduced, either as a meaningless point and un- 
consciously, or as an intentionally realistic detail. 

Tn the Palmella chambers, as well as those at Waddon, we find 
the same flat floors, hemispherical, vault-like sides and roof, and 
a single lateral avenue leading to each. 

In France there are some subterranean chambers which present 
certain features in common with the Waddon chambers. Ex- 
amples containing an interment are recorded from La Tourelle, 
near Quimper,t Brittany, &c., but they seem to belong to a later 
period than those at Waddon, as objects of metal were found 
buried below their floors. 

It may be noted here that the subterranean chambers of 
Mycenz, called by Tsountas ‘“‘chamber tombs,”’ offer some points 
of resemblance to the Waddon chambers. Both have been ex- 
cavated in a hill side, both are beehive-like in form, and both 
are approached by a horizontal avenue. ‘There are, of course, 
some important differences, particularly in the matter of dimen- 
sions and materials, but the plan is practically the same. 

Returning to the Waddon chambers, it may be added that, 
whilst careful searches on the floors and in the lateral passages 
have revealed the presence of mammalian bones and no human 
remains have been identified, it is impossible to avoid the con- 
clusion, after a most careful sifting of the evidence, that these 
chambers were primarily intended to serve as sepulchral places 
during the latter part of the neolithic age. That they were sub- 
Sequently disturbed seems pretty clear from the later objects 
found in the filling-in sand, and from certain rude, possibly 
medizyal scratches on the curved roof, which have been variously 


* Matériaux pour Vhistoire primitive et naturelle de Vhomme, 3me série, 
. li. 1885, pp. 1-18. 
+ Archeologia Cambrensis, 3rd series, vol. xiv. pp. 293-311. 


46 Mr. George Clinch on Recent 


interpreted by different observers as representing a bird, an 
animal, and a boat. 

It seems probable that the hard sand in which the excavations 
were originally made was buried under a considerable thickness 
of made earth when the lawn was levelled. 

This work was probably done when or soon after the house 
was built, perhaps about the middle of the eighteenth century. 

From the remains which have been found during the past 
twenty years it is clear that a large district to the E., S.H. and S. 
of Croydon was much occupied by man during the neolithic age. 
On Hayes Common there are numerous indications of neolithic 
hut floors. These occur in groups, and suggest independent or 
successive settlements of a small tribe occupying about six or 
eight huts. 

There are other, but fewer, indications of neolithic dwellings 
on Shirley Hills and the high ground in the southern part of 
West Wickham parish; and to come nearer home, several 
examples have been found on the top of Croham Hurst, as well 
as on its steep southern side. At Croham Hurst, and at the 
various other sites indicated, particularly at West Wickham, 
very extensive operations in the manufacture of flint implements 
have been carried on, pointing to the presence of a large popu- 
lation or of long continued occupation. 

These hut-circles, which have been attributed to the neolithic 
age, are circular in plan, with marks of entrances on the E. or 
S.H. side ; and one can hardly fail to be impressed by the strong 
resemblance in dimensions and plan of these circles to the under- 
ground chambers at Waddon. Moreover, on the steep side of 
Croham Hurst, traces of similar dwellings are recorded, and it 
seems extremely probable that the men who made the sepulchral 
excavations at Waddon may have been influenced by those 
examples of hill-side dwellings. 

The chambers for the dead were in fact practically copies of 
those for the living, and when, as in the case of the Waddon 
site, it was desired to find a secret place of burial, where violation 
would be practically impossible, the chamber was excavated in 
an underground situation. 

As a contribution towards the solution of the interesting 
question of the position, shape, plan, &c., of prehistoric dwell- 
ings, the Waddon discovery is of great importance. In the 
vaulted roofs, cut in the hard sand, we see a durable copy of the 
ordinary hut built on the surface of the ground, with its covering 
of interlaced boughs, benders, and basket-work, and in the small 
opening by which the underground chamber was entered from 
the lateral passage we see probably an exact imitation of the 
doorway of a neolithic habitation. This, judging from those of 
the sepulchral chambers, was oval in form so as to allow of the 


Discoveries at Waddon, Surrey. 47 


easy passage of a human body in or out of the hut, but with 
no superfluous space for unwelcome draughts or excessive venti- 
lation. 

Taking it for granted that the Waddon chambers were really 
of the neolithic age, and intended for sepulchral purposes, it 
may be interesting to compare them with neighbouring struc- 
tures which are unquestionably of this period and purpose. The 
megalithic structures of Kent, particularly Kit’s Coty House, 
near Aylesford, and Coldrum, about two miles N.E. of Wrotham, 
are examples which offer parallel cases of sepulchral underground 
chambers, each entered by a lateral entrance. The form of 
these chambers for the burial of the dead is certainly square or 
oblong in plan, but this is in consequence of the material used 
in their construction. Sarsen stone, of which these sepulchral 
chambers were built, occurs naturally upon the surface of the 
ground in mid Kent. Moreover, the chambers were not con- 
structed below the surface, but covered by artificial mounds of 
earth, which have been subsequently removed by weathering and 
the operations of treasure-seekers: but in reality we find much in 
common in both. 

If we compare the Waddon chambers with well-authenticated 
examples of sepulchral structures known as chambered barrows, 
the parallel is even more remarkable, and particularly in the 
well-marked feature of the entrance restricted at one or more 
points where it may be presumed some sort of door was placed 
as a bar to the entrance of unwelcome intruders. 

It is worthy of note that the same idea of interment within a 
house or a house-like receptacle survived during the bronze age, 
but, as cremation usually preceded the rite of burial among that 
race, a large house was no longer necessary for the remains of 
the dead, and a small earthen vase shaped like a bronze-age 
house, and usually called a hut-urn, was employed as the 
depository of the ashes of the departed. 

The tradition of the hemispherical neolithic hut was carried on 
in the Celtic bee-hive dwellings of Cornwall, Wales, Scotland, 
Ireland, and Gaul; whilst the plan may be regarded as the pro- 
totype of the circular fortresses, such as Chun Castle, &c., and 
the brochs of Scotland, and indeed much of the medizval military 
architecture of England. 

The bronze-age dwellings, on the other hand, whose forms 
have been preserved by hut-urns, display a tendency to square- 
ness and augularity which is clearly due to the employment of 
timber in their construction.* The influence of the use of metal 
was shown, even at that early period, in the form of the domestic 


* In the case of pottery we find that the bronze age forms are a gradual 
development and evolution of stone age forms, but with regard to buildings 
the case is strikingly different. 


48 Mr. W. F. Stanley on an Haample 


dwelling. The possession of bronze tools made it possible to 
work timber into the requisite forms of beams and rafters, and flat 
walls and gabled roofs took the place of rounded walls constructed 
of interwoven branches and wicker-work of the earlier period. 

Our modern houses, in which timber was once largely used for 
the outhnes, and is still generally used for roofing, may be re- 
garded as the direct descendants, with various modifications, 
improvements and developments, of the bronze-age hut. 

The recent discoveries at Waddon are of considerable local 
value on account of the information they give us of Croydon in 
prehistoric times, but they have something more than local im- 
portance. They furnish a material contribution to the knowledge 
already possessed by anthropologists and archeologists as to the 
modes of life of prehistoric man, and they supply evidence of 
great importance as to what were probably his very earliest 
efforts in house construction. 


5,—EXAMPLE OF A PERFECT F'Lint IMPLEMENT, SUPPOSED TO BE 
OF THE Preriop or THE First Dynasty or Ha@yrpr; anp oF 
TWO EARLY Mirrors IN CopPER, FOUND IN RECENT E)xcava- 
TIONS AT ABYDOS. 


By Wm. F. Sranuey, F.G.S. 
(Read November 18th, 1902.) 


Tue great valley of the Nile is in every sense eminently 
adapted to preserve records of very remote periods of human 
existence. This is commonly recognized by its being spoken of 
as the ‘‘cradle of our race.’’ For this assertion there are no 
doubt physical as well as historical reasons, among the most 
striking of which is the isolation of fertile plains, in desert land, 
upon the bank of the great highway that the river forms in the 
four thousand miles from its sources to its mouths in the Medi- 
terranean and Red Seas. For more than two thousand miles 
this mighty river has cut out its course through arid sandy 
deserts, and in this long run there are only three alluvial plains 
of considerable extent upon its banks suitable for agriculture— 
Thebes, Abydos, and Cairo. That these larger areas utilized for 
cultivation have left records to our times is largely due to the 
great Libyan desert entirely backing them up, and protecting 
them from depredations. Thus we find that temples that were 
built upon the fertile land have for the most part entirely or 
nearly disappeared to clear the land for cultivation, whereas 


Se a 


——— 


of a perfect Flint Implement, dc. 49 


those built upon the borders of the desert where cultivation is 
impossible remain, except for the depredations of parts of these 
structures for common building materials. The border temples 
in many instances have been filled up and covered over with 
blown sand, or rubbish-heaps from the villages near, from which 
causes they have been largely protected as fields for modern 
research. 

The alluvial plain of Abydos, where the exhibits I wish to de- 
scribe were found, extends over eight miles inland from the Nile, 
and may possibly present about twenty square miles of agri- 
cultural surface. This area is entirely overflowed every summer 
by the rich muddy water of the Nile. At the back of the plain, 
from natural pools and artificial reservoirs, for a very long period 
sufficient water has been held back for winter irrigation, when 
the land is cool and suitable for cultivation. Therefore it 
follows, when agriculture became an art, Abydos was eminently 
adapted to become a prosperous district or kingdom, which we 
know became historical. 

The universal evidence of ethnology shows that one of the 
earliest or lowest instincts special to humanity is the preservation 
of the dead, and, as this could only be done on the banks of the 
Nile by taking the deceased into the waste dry desert to escape 
the disturbance of the inundations, probably for all periods of 
civilization the borders of the desert were the burial-grounds of 
the people. In the desert, from the desiccated state of the land, 
there is little cause of decay ; therefore here we find not only the 
well-preserved tombs of the mighty, but also other well-defined 
spots which were very ancient or even prehistorical burial- 
grounds. As the grander pyramids or tombs gave richer spoil to 
the explorer, it is only in quite recent times that the earlier or 
prehistorical tombs have been opened carefully for research, par- 
ticularly by Brugsch Bey, Flinders Petrie, and Seton-Karr. 

The most beautiful flint implements as the work of the early 
people that have been discovered are those brought to light by 
the careful and methodical work of Flinders Petrie. A beautiful 
collection of these was exhibited at the British Association 
Meeting at Bristolin 1898. We have also an excellent collection 
by W. H. Seton-Karr added last year to the Egyptian Collection 
of the British Museum. This last is of special antiquarian 
interest. The flint implements come from the ancient desert 
tombs of Wadi Shekh, and give examples of the work of various 
periods extending from the remote paleolithic to that of the 
relatively recent, or that of the highest art of flint workmanship. 
This period is supposed to be not earlier than the first Keyptian 
dynasty, now estimated at nearly seven thousand years ago. It 
is of this period of perfect workmanship that the spear-head I 
have to show to our Society was wrought. This I infer, as I 


it} 
bait 


50 Mr. W. F. Stanley on an Example 


have not seen a finer piece of workmanship in any collection. In 
this specimen I wish to call particular attention to the marvellous 
technical skill in flint-chipping shown in the sharp saw-teeth 
notches cut uniformly along the symmetrically formed edges at 
distances apart of the fine teeth that only vary between forty-five 
to fifty teeth per inch. ; 

If one takes this implement in the hands, the sharp edges which 
cut the flesh show clearly that it was never intended for a hand 
implement; therefore it must in use have possessed some form 
of handle. Judging from the somewhat similar forms shown in 
our British Museum, which appear to be spear-heads of various 
periods, we may suppose it was the highest, or possibly the last, 
development of the form. This actual specimen, which was no 
doubt buried with its former owner, was probably used only as 
an official spear; its thinness makes it evident that it could not 
be used effectively for war or chase. I have made a rough 
diagram, from examples in our British Museum, of what may be 
the historical series of evolution spear-head, judging from the 
increased perfection of flint-work from the spear-head J exhibit. 
There is another form in the Seton-Karr collection, but whether 
this may be a later form I cannot tell. The workmanship of this, 
although fine, is inferior to that I exhibit. It may be observed 
that generally, as the quality of the work advances, the hollow 
shown at the tops of the examples increases in development. 
I offer a suggestion for the mounting—that it was lashed with 
raw hide into a crutch of the stem of a young fir-tree, placed 
in a cleft of an ornamental staff, fixed by asphaltum or one of 
the gums which abound in Africa, and held firmly in position by 
binding with linen-cord, as a state or ceremonial spear. 

The entire series of prehistoric hand implements for war and 
chase probably were the spear, the knife (of which I exhibit a 
specimen), the dagger, and the axe. ‘There is no doubt that 
coarser implements were made for common purposes at the same 
period as the superior for state purposes. 


While in Abydos I had, as all other visitors have, a number of 
antiquities, found by the natives about the ancient tombs, offered 
to me, among which were a number of metal mirrors. These 
were sold for a few shillings each. One of these, when offered, 
particularly attracted my attention. It was smaller than the 
others. It was quite flat. It possessed a handle which held the 
mirror firmly, which is very rare, and it was of copper, as I found 
by trial with the nail-file of my pocket-knife. It struck me at 
once as being much more ancient than some others offered to 
me; that the handle was not decayed appeared to me very 
curious, as the handles of ancient mirrors in our museums, if 
present, are in a very decayed condition. The cause of this I 


= —SSES—_ SSS 
a AS SS LSS 


Trans. Croydon N. H. 8. 


KNIFE OF FINELY 


-HEAD AND 


SPEAR 


EGYPTIAN 


WORKED FLINT, FROM ABYDOS. 


of a perfect Flint Implement, dc. 51 


afterwards discovered was that it was made of a fossil hippo- 
potamus tooth, which was therefore imperishable. This point is 
very interesting, as in this handle it is not only that itis perfectly 
preserved, but that it showsclearly the state of art at the period 
it was made. 

There was another point that appeared to me unusual in 
ancient mirrors—the verdigris did not cover the surface equally, 
as is general upon old copper, but appeared to be partially 
erystallized or glazed in parts. It was also extremely hard, so 
that the knife-file would scarcely touch it. When I got home I 
thought I would scrape off a part of the surface to analyse it. I 
found to my surprise that it came off in scales. As it had 
become disfigured by this process, I cleared off the whole surface 


to have sufficient for analysis, and handed the mirror over to my | 


glass-worker to rework and repolish the surface to restore it to 
its original form. In this my glass-worker found a great diffi- 
culty ; the metal, which as pure copper would have been very 
soft, was found to be harder than speculum metal—in fact, it 
could only be cut down by sharp emery ; further, that it would 
not bear an even polish. I have brought it as he finished it. On 
examination it will be seen that there are many spots crystallized 
upon the surface, which were of course originally in the interior 
of the mirror. 

Upon analysis I found the verdigris contained over 5 per cent. 
of silica, which was in broken needles and crystals. It was quite 
evidently formed of native copper, which is found in thin veins 
in primitive rock, often associated with silicon. It may possibly 
have been ground down from its original flake, or have been 
forged. It was probably made before the art of smelting copper 
was known. Very possibly it may be of the period when the 
perfect flint implement exhibited was made. 

I bought another mirror at Abydos, which relatively to that 
just described may be considered as quite recent. It is larger, 
and of the advanced concave and convex form. It is interesting 
in one way that, being formerly bound over the breast of a 
mummy, the verdigris has taken the impression of the mummy- 
cloth, the quality of which would pass for fairly good calico. 


52. Dr. H. Franklin Parsons on the 


6.—On tHE Fiora or Hayes Common. 
By H. Franxuin Parsons, M.D., F.G.S. 
(Read November 8th, 1902.) 


In a paper which I read before our Society—then the Croydon 
Microscopical and Natural History Club—on Feb. 21st, 1899, I 
made the suggestion that the Club should compile for future 
reference lists as complete as possible of the flora of each of the 
commons and open spaces in the neighbourhood of Croydon. 
Arrangements were subsequently made by the Botanical Section 
for carrying this suggestion into effect, and the cataloguing of 
the floras of Hayes and Keston Commons was assigned to me. 
As an instalment of the work I submit this first report, on the 
Flora of Hayes Common. 

With Hayes Common I include for this purpose West Wickham 
Common, for, though the two commons are in different parishes, 
and under different management, yet they form one continuous 
tract, and the plants of West Wickham Common are with few 
exceptions found also on Hayes Common; so that to enumerate 
them separately would be mere duplication. (West Wickham - 
Common is the part to the right of the road going up Coney 
Hill, and extends on the same side of the road nearly half a mile 
beyond the top of the hill. The steep wooded slope is noteworthy 
for a number of venerable pollard-oaks, mostly in various stages 
of decay, but some still vigorous, and for the abundance of blue- 
bells in spring. On the brow of the hill are some ancient bar- 
rows and intrenchments. ) 

The united area of the two commons is some two hundred 
acres in extent, and constitutes an oblong tract rather over a 
mile in its greatest length, viz. from N.W. to 8.K., and about 
half a mile in its greatest breadth from S.W. to N.K. TheN.W. 
and N.E. borders are irregular, being encroached on by enclosed 
grounds, and there is another enclosure in the centre of the 
common. ‘The surface forms an elevated plateau, sloping gently 
to the N.E., and bounded on the N.W. and §.W. sides by an 
abrupt escarpment. At the W. corner West Wickham Common 
extends down the slope of the escarpment nearly to the foot of 
the hill, and Hayes Common proper also extends part of the way 
down the escarpment at its S. end near the ‘ Fox Inn,’ but for 
the most part the S.W. border of the common extends along the 
brow of the escarpment. The elevation varies from about 
230 ft. O.D. at the foot of West Wickham Common to 400 ft. O.D. 
near the ‘Fox.’ Geologically the common is practically wholly 


Flora of Hayes Common. 53 


composed of the Oldhaven beds ; the lowest part of West Wick- 
ham Common scarcely touches the chalk; and the Thanet sand 
and Woolwich beds, if present near Coney Hall, must be very 
thin, and are almost entirely concealed by rainwash from the 
slopes above. The Oldhaven beds consist mainly of round-pebble 
gravel, with some sand. ‘The surface soil is peaty on the bare 
common, but near the roads and on the N. border it is loamy or 
sandy. The surface of the common is mostly dry; there are no 
running streams, and the only water to be found is in a few 
ponds, one by Coney Hall, one near the centre of the S8.W. 
border, and one or two near the N.E. border. These are the 
only stations for aquatic plants. The Ii. corner of the common 
near the road to Keston Mark is the wettest part of the common, 
the natural drainage tending in this direction ; and here several 
bog-loving plants are still found. On the common there are a 
number of gravel-pits, some still worked, others long disused and 
overgrown with turf and bushes ; others again are used as places 
of deposit for rubbish of various kinds. 

The vegetation on the common has suffered much during the 
recent dry summers from fires, a large portion of the §.E. part 
of the common having been burnt a year or two ago. This fire 
was so strong as to cross the roads, whereas generally even a 
footpath is sufficient to arrest the progress of a heath fire. After 
a fire the first vegetation to appear consists of mosses, especially 
Funaria hygrometrica and Ceratodon purpureus, together with the 
young shoots of strong growing plants, such as the gorse and 
bracken, the deep roots of which the fire has failed to reach. In 
a year or two, when a little mould has formed, the burnt surface 
is taken possession of by certain plants which thrive in barren 
soils, such as Senecio sylvaticus, Aira flexuosa, Rumew Acetosella. 

On the open parts of the common, as on peaty heaths gener- 
ally, the vegetation is made up of comparatively few species of 
plants—the gorse, the ling, and purple heath, and several species 
of grasses, especially Aira flexuosa, Festuca ovina, and Agrostis 
canina forming the bulk; there are also hawthorn trees dotted 
about, which afford harbour for the honeysuckle and brambles. 

Of the plants of wet and boggy ground which are still to be 
found on Hayes Common, may be mentioned the berry-bearing 
alder (Rhamnus Frangula), the marsh pennywort, Genista anglica, 
the cross-leaved heath, the creeping-jenny, the lesser skullcap, 
Salia repens and aurita, several rushes and sedges, and Nardus 
stricta. These, as already stated, are chiefly found in the low 
damp ground at the E. corner of Hayes Common. Old records 
quoted in Hanbury’s ‘ Flora of Kent’ name a number of other 
bog-loving plants as formerly found on Hayes Common, e.g. 
Hypericum elodes, Drosera rotundifolia, Wahlenbergia hederacea, 
Menyanthes trifoliata, Narthecium Ossifragum, and Osmunda regalis ; 


54 Dr. H. Franklin Parsons on the 


but these have now disappeared, either through extinction or 
possibly through the part where they grow having been enclosed. 
There is wet boggy ground near the Ravensbourne, a little beyond 
the present limits of the common. 

Of aquatics found in the ponds already mentioned the follow- 
ing may be named, viz. Ranunculus peltatus, Nasturtium palustre. 
Callitriche stagnalis, Peplis Portula, Veronica Beccabunga, Poly- 
gonum Hydropiper, Lemna minor, Alisma Plantago, Alopecurus 
fulvus (2), and Glyceria fluitans. 

On the dry sandy ground by the roadsides among the short 
turf grow a number of dwarf annual plants, which flower early 
in the year, and have ripened their seed and completed their life- 
history before the ground is parched up by the drought of sum- 
mer ; such are Krophila vulgaris, Sisymbrium thalianum, Cerastium 
quaternellum, Buda rubra, Trigonella purpurascens, several species 
of Trifolium, as glomeratum and striatum, Ornithopus perpusillus, 
Myosotis collina, Scleranthus annuus, and -lira caryophyllea and 
pracox. Potentilla argentea and Plantago Coronopus are other 
plants of sandy ground. 

The numerous plants characteristic of chalky soils are, on the 
other hand, for the most part conspicuous by their absence. A 
few, as the rock-rose and Bromus erectus, are found in the dry 
turf of an old overgrown gravel-pit opposite Cooper’s Cottages ; 
Geranium lucidum and Salvia Verbenaca on banks on the N. bor- 
der of the common, and the squat thistle (Cnicus acaulis) near 
Coney Hall. 

Among denizens, or plants found chiefly in the neighbourhood 
of habitations, and probably introduced by human agency, though 
now well established, may be mentioned the celandine (Chelt- 
donium majus), the sweet violet, Geranium pyrenaicum, the gout- 
weed, and the hop. Other plants, no doubt introduced, are the 
dame’s violet (Hesperis matronalis), the horse-radish, Saponaria 
officinalis, and Claytonia perfoliata. 

Colonists, or weeds of cultivated ground, differ from denizens 
chiefly in their annual habit of growth. These are found most 
plentifully on the rubbish-heaps in the gravel-pits. Among 
them may be mentioned the poppies, the fumitory (Fumaria 
officinalis), Hrysimum chetranthoides, Coronopus Ruellu, Thlaspr 
arvense, Anthriscus vulgaris, Aithusa Cynapium, Matricarta Chamo- 
milla, the red pimpernel, Solanum nigrum, several species of 
Chenopodium and Atriplex, and Urtica wrens. The rubbish-heaps 
also yield a number of ‘“ casuals,’’ 7. e. plants accidentally intro- 
duced, but which have not established themselves as permanent 
residents. These are very uncertain in their appearance; they 
are represented by single or few individuals, and have often dis- 
appeared by the next year. As examples of plants which in this 
locality can only be regarded as casuals, I may name Saponaria 


Flora of Hayes Common. 55 


Vaccaria, the flax (Linum usitatissimum), Melilotus officinalis, the 
evening primrose (Cinothera biennis), the parsley, the teasel 
(Dipsacus sylvestris), Chrysanthemum Parthenium, the milk-thistle 
(Mariana lactea), the blue cornflower, and Mercurialis annua. 
Others which have not yet been dignified with a place, even in 
italics, in the ‘London Catalogue,’ are the Jerusalem artichoke 
(Helianthus tuberosus), and Nicotiana affinis. 

The following are some other noteworthy plants of the com- 
mon, and probably among its original inhabitants, viz. climbing 
fumitory (Corydalis claviculata) (West Wickham Common), Tilia 
cordata (small-leaved lime), a large tree by the road going up 
Coney Hill, Vicia angustifolia, Rubus suberectus, K’pilobium angustt- 
folium, Saxifraga granulata, Hieracium tridentatum, Ruscus acule- 
atus (butcher’s-broom), Cares distans, and Bromus commutatus. 

Brambles are plentiful, but I have not been able to study them 
sufficiently to make a full list. The ordinary species of mosses 
and fungi which might be expected to occur in suchi a locality are 
fairly plentiful, but I have not observed any kinds worthy of 
special notice, nor can I make a list sufficiently complete to be 
worth putting on record. 

The total number of flowering plants which I have so far 
observed on Hayes Common is 3820, and one fern; total 321. 

The following are plants which I have not as yet observed on 
Hayes Common, though they are found on other commons in the 
neighbourhood, and might be expected to occur there :—Clematis 
Vitalba, Nasturtium officinale, Oxalis Acetosella, Trifolium sub- 


_terraneum, Lathyrus pratensis, Potentilla anserina, Cornus san- 


guinea, Poterium sanguisorba, Pyrus Aria, Apiwm nodiflorum, 
Viburnum Lantana and Opulus, Tusstlago Farfara, Carduus 
crispus, Centaurea scabtosa, Vaccinium Myrtillus, Lystmachia nem- 
orum, Myosotis versicolor, Melampyrum pratense, Origanum vulgare, 
Populus tremula, and Juniperus communis. 

The following plants are recorded in Hanbury’s ‘ Flora of 
Kent’ from Hayes Common, though I have not seen them there, 
viz. Berberis vulgaris, Hrysimum perfoliatum, Lepidium Smithit, 
Hypericum elodes, Trifolium subterraneum, Rubus fissus, Rogersit, 
carpinifolius, pulcherrimus, foliosus, and rosaceus var. infecundus, 
Potentilla recta, Alchemilla vulgaris, Rosa rubiginosa and micrantha, 
Drosera rotundifolia, Senecio viscosus, Jasione montana, Wahlen- 
bergia hederacea, Menyanthes trifoliata, Cuscuta EH pithymum, Nar- 
thecuum ossifragum, and Osmunda regalis. Some of these have 
been previously mentioned under the heading of bog-plants ; 
others are casuals, which, as I have already said, are uncertain 
in their appearance. Others, again, as Senecio viscosus and 
Jasione montana, are still found in the neighbourhood, if not on 
the common itself. 

I do not profess to have fully explored Hayes Common and its 

E 


56 Dr. H. Franklin Parsons on the 


flora. On the contrary, almost every ramble over it reveals some 
fresh nook or corner, and, if this presents some slight difference 
of soil or situation, it commonly yields new species of plants. 
Hence I may have at some future time to present a supple- 
mental list. 


Pruants oF Hayes Common. 


Eixptanation.—A. Aquatic plants. B. Bog- and wet-loving 


plants. OC. Chalk- and lime-loving plants. §. Sand-loving 
plants. H. Heath- and peat-loving plants. Den. Denizens. 
Al. Aliens. Cas. Casuals. Col. Colonists. 
Anemone nemorosa S. alba. Cas. 


Ranunculus peltatus. A. Ponds 

R. Flammula. B. By pond 

R. acris 

Ri. repens 

R. bulbosus 

R. Ficaria 

Papaver somniferum. 
Casual on rubbish heaps 

P. Rheas. Col. Ditto and 
roadside 

P. dubium. Col. Ditto 

Chelidonium majus. Den. Near 
Hayes village 

Neckeria claviculata. H. West 
Wickham Common 

Fumaria officinalis. Col. Rub- 
bish heaps 

Nasturtium palustre. A. Pond 
near N. border 

Cardamine pratensis 

C. hirsuta 

Krophila vulgaris. S. 

Hesperis matronalis. Al. Gravel 
pit 

Cochlearia Armoracia. Al. Ditto 

Sisymbrium Thalianum. S. 

S. officinale 

8. Alharia 

Erysimum cheiranthoides. Cas. 
Gravel pit near centre of 
common 

Sinapis sinapioides = nigra. Cas. 

S. sinapistrum = arvensis 


Cas. 


Ditto 


Bursa bursa-pastoris 

Coronopus Ruellu. Cas. Gravel 
pit filling 

Thlaspi arvense. Col. Ditto 

Raphanus Raphanistrum. Col. 
Rubbish heaps 

Helianthemum Chamecistus. C. 
Old pit opposite Cooper’s 
Cottages 

Viola odorata. Den. Near N.W. 
border 

V. hirta. ©. Old pit opposite 
Cooper’s Cottages 

V. silvestris ? 

V. Riviniana 

Polygala serpyllacea. 4H. 

SaponariaVaccaria. Cas. Casual 
in gravel pit 

S. officinalis. Den. 
border 

Silene Cucubalus 

Lychnis alba 

L. dioica 

Cerastium quaternellum. S5. 
Sandy ground near road 

C. glomeratum. 6S. 

C. triviale 

Stellaria media 

S. Holostea 

S. graminea. H. 

Arenaria trinervis 

A. serpyllifolia 

Sagina apetala 


Near S.E. 


Flora of Hayes Common. 57 


S. procumbens. By pond on 
N. border 
Buda rubra. §. Roadside 


Claytonia perfoliata. Al. Gar- 
den hedge-bank, N. W. border 

Hypericum perforatum 

H. humifusum 

H. pulchrum. H. 

Malva moschata. C. 

M. sylvestris 

M. rotundifolia 

Tilia vulgaris. 
border 

T. cordata. 
large tree 

Linum usitatissimum. 
Roadside, S.K. border 

Geranium pyrenaicum. C. Gra- 
vel pit near N. border 

G. molle 

G. pusillum 

G. dissectum 

G. lucidum. C. Bank near village 

G. Robertianum 

Hrodium cicutarium. 8. 

Ilex aquifolium 

Huonymus europeus 

Rhamunus Frangula. B. Damp 
thicket near 8... corner 

Acer Pseudo-platanus 

A. campestris 

Genista anglica. B. 

Ulex europeeus. H. 

U. nanus. H. 

Cytisus scoparius. H. 

Trigonella purpurascens. 4S. 
Gravel pit, West Wickham 
Common 

Medicago lupulina 

Melilotus officinalis. Cas. Casual 
in gravel pit 

Trifolium pratense 


By houses, E. 
Coney Hill; a 
Cas. 


T. arvense. §S. Gravel pit 
T. striatum. S. Sandy ground 
T. glomeratum. 8S. Ditto 

T. repens 

T. procumbens 


T. dubium 

T. filiforme. S. Sandy ground 

Lotus corniculatus 

L.uliginosus. B. Damp ground 
near pond and in E.. corner 


Ornithopus perpusillus. 8. 
Gravel pit 

Vicia Cracca. South escarpment. 

V. sepium 

V. sativa 


V. angustifolia. H. 

Prunus spinosa 

P. Avium. West Wickham 
Common 

Rubus ideus. H. Near village 

. Suberectus. H. EH. corner 

. Lindleianus 

. rhamnifolius 

. rusticanus 

. Sprengelii 

Geum urbanum 

Fragaria vesca 

Potentilla Fragariastrum 

P. silvestris (Tormentilla). H. 

P. reptans 

P. argentea. 5. Sandy ground 
near road 

Alchemilla arvensis. S. 

Agrimonia Hupatoria. C. 

Rosa canina 

R. arvensis 

Pyrus Aucuparia 

P. Maius 

Cratzegus 
oyna 

Saxifraga granulata. 
near village 

Sedum acre. C. Gravel pit 
near N. border 6 

Callitriche verna. A. Ponds 

Peplis Portula. A. Pond near 
N. border 

Hpilobium angustifolium. H. 

EH. montanum 

EK. obscurum. B. 

(iinothera biennis. Cas. Casual 
on rubbish heap 

E 2 


BU Uo a 


oxyacantha mono- 


Grove 


58 Dr. H. Franklin Parsons on the 


Circa lutetiana 

Bryonia dioica 

Hydrocotyle vulgaris. B. Damp 
eround near pond and in Hi. 
corner 

Sanicula europea 

Carum Petroselinum. Cas. 
Casual on rubbish heap. 

Sison Amomum. Near village 

Cigopodium Podagraria. Den. 
Ditto 

Pimpinella Saxifraga 

Cheerophyllum temulum 

Anthriscus vulgaris. Cas., 8. 
Gravel pit 

A. sylvestris 

Adthusa Cynapium. Col. Gra- 
vel pit 

Peucedanum sativum. C. 

Heracleum Sphondylium 

Caucalis Anthriscus 

Hedera Helix 

Sambucus nigra 

Lonicera Periclymenum 

Galium verum 

G. Mollugo 

G. saxatile 

G. palustre. 

G. Aparine 

Dipsacus sylvestris. Gravel pit 

Scabiosa succisa. B. Damp 
eround, EH. corner 

Solidago Virgaurea 

Bellis perennis 

Filago germanica. 8. Gravel pit 

F. mimina. §. Ditto 

Gnaphalium uliginosum. S§S. 

Achillea Millefolium 

A. ptarmica. B. Damp ground 

Chrysanthemum leucanthemum 

C. Parthenium. Den. Casual in 
eravel pit 

Matricaria inodora. Gravel pit 

M. Chamomilla. Col. Ditto 

Artemisia vulgaris. Coney Hill 

Senecio vulgaris 

S. sylvaticus. S. 


Near pond. 


S. Jacobxa 

Arctium minus 

Cnicus lanceolatus 

C. palustris. B. 

C. acaulis. C. Near Coney Hall 
C. arvensis 


Mariana lactea. Cas. Casual 
near Coney Hall 

Centaurea nigra 

C. Cyanus. Cas. Casual in 
sravel pit 


Lapsana communis 
Crepis virens 

Hieracium Pilosella 

H. rigidum = tridentatum 
H. boreale 

H. umbellatum. H. 
Hypocheeris radicata 
Leontodon autumnalis 
Taraxacum officinale 
Sonchus oleraceus 

S. asper 

S. arvensis 

Campanula rotundifolia 
Calluna Erica. 4H. 

Hrica Tetralix. B. HE. corner 
KH. cinerea. H. 
Lysimachia Nummularia. bB. 
Anagallis arvensis. Col. 
Fraxinus excelsior 
Ligustrum vulgare 
Myosotis arvensis 

M. collina. §. 

Volvulus sepium 
Convolvulus arvensis 
Solanum Dulcamara 

S. nigrum. Gravel pit 
Verbascum Thapsus 

V. nigrum. C. Near Fox Inn 
Linaria vulgaris 
Scrophularia nodosa 
Digitalis purpurea. H. 
Veronica hedereefolia 

V. agrestis 

V. arvensis 

V. serpyllifolia 


V. officinalis. H. 


Flora of Hayes Common. 59 


V. Chamedrys 

Kuphrasia officinalis 

Pedicularis sylvatica 

Mentha hirsuta 

Thymus Serpyllum 

Calamintha Clinopodium 

Salvia Verbenaca. C. Bank on 
N.E. border 

Nepeta Glechoma 

Scutellaria minor. 

_ ground, EK. corner 

Prunella vulgaris 

Stachys Betonica. 
border 

S. sylvatica 

Lamium purpureum 

L. album 

Ballota nigra 

Teucrium Scorodonia 

Plantago major 

P. lanceolata 

P. Coronopus. 5S. 

Scleranthus annuus. S8. 

Chenopodium __ polyspermum. 
Col. Rubbish heaps in gravel 
pit 

C. album. Col. Ditto 

Atriplex patula. Col. Ditto 

A. deltoidea. Col. Ditto 

Polygonum aviculare 

P. hydropiper. B. Pond 

P. Persicaria 

Rumex pulcher ? 

R. obtusifolius 

R. crispus 

R. acetosa 

R. Acetosella. §. 

Kuphorbia amygdaloides. C. 
South escarpment 

Hi. Peplus 

(EK. Lathyris. Den. Copse near 
Hi. corner—not on common) 

Mercurialis perennis 

M. annua. Cas. 
gravel pit 

Ulmus montana 

U. surculosa 


B. Damp 


Near 8.E. 


Casual in 


Humulus Lupulus. Den. Near 
Urtica dioica [village 
U. urens. Col. Gravel pit 
Betula verrucosa 

Carpinus Betulus 

Corylus Avellana 

Quercus Robur pedunculata 
Castanea sativa. Al. Plantations 
Fagus sylvatica 


Salix alba. EH. corner 

S. cinerea 

S. aurita. B. E. corner 
S. caprea. Ditto 

8. repens. 5b. Ditto 


Taxus baccata. C. 

Pinus sylvestris. Plantations 

Tamus communis 

Ruscusaculeatus. §. escarpment 

Scilla festalis 

Juncus bufonius. Bb. 

J. squarrosus. Bb. 

J. effusus 

J. conglomeratus 

J. lampocarpus. B. 

J. acutiflorus. 5B. 

Luzula vernalis 

L. campestris 

L. erecta congesta 

Arum maculatum 

Lemna minor. A. Ponds 

Alisma Plantago aquatica. A. 
Ditto 

Carex muricata 

C. divulsa 

C. ovalis 

C. sylvatica 

C. distans 

C. flava. B. 

Anthoxanthum odoratum 

Phleum pratense 

Alopecurus fulvus? A. Ponds 

A. pratensis 

Agrostis canina 

A. palustris 

A. vulgaris 

Aira caryophyllea. S. 

A. precox. §, 


& 


60 Dr. H. Franklin Parsons on the 


Deschampsia cespitosa Festuca ovina 

D. flexuosa. 5. Bromus ramosus 

Holcus mollis B. erectus. C. Old pit opposite 
H. lanatus Cooper’s Cottages 

Trisetum pratense B. sterilis 

Arrhenatherum avenaceum B. commutatus 

Sieglingia decumbens. B. B. mollis 

Cynosurus cristatus Brachypodium gracile 

Koeleria cristata Solium perenne 

Melica uniflora Agropyrum repens 

Dactylis glomerata Nardus stricta. B. EK. corner 
Poa annua Hordeum murinum 

P. nemoralis Molinia varia. B. 


Glyceria fluitans. A. Ponds  Pteris aquilina 


7.—Some Notes on tHe F'Lora oF THE HASTERN BORDER OF 
Dartmoor. 


By H. Franxxuin Parsons, M.D., F.G.S. 


(Read November 18th, 1902.) 


Tue following notes on the plants of a neighbourhood in some 
respects unlike our own are based on observations made during 
a fortnight spent in the first part of August, 1902, at Manaton, 
a village near the eastern border of Dartmoor. Owing to the 
elevated character of the region—the altitude varying from 400 
to 1700 ft., and averaging about 1000 ft.—the vegetation there 
was considerably—I should estimate about three weeks—more 
backward than thatin the neighbourhood of Croydon, being about 
as advanced as it would be with us in the middle of July; hence 
the proportion of plants stillin flower was greater than it would be 
here. The neighbourhood comprises pasture, cultivated ground, 
woodland, moor, rock, bog, and running streams, but little still 
water. The subsoil is granite, except in a portion of the lower 
ground, where it consists of altered carboniferous shales. On 
these shales the surface soil exhibits more tendency to become 
peaty than on the granite, where, except on the higher hills, it 
is generally a brown gritty loam rather than peat, The flora 
also exhibited a corresponding difference, several plants, as 
Myrica Gale, Radiola linoides, and Pinguicula lusitanica, being 
found on the shales but not on the granite. The granite on the 
hills often crops out in rocky tors, or forms large rounded 
detached blocks; and these rocky masses are commonly covered 
with a luxuriant growth of mosses and lichens. 


Flora of the Kastern Border of Dartmoor. 61 


About 275 species of flowering plants were observed, the 
ereater number occurring in the pastures, hedge-banks, and 
cultivated ground. On the moorland proper the number of species 
of plants is small, though some species occur in great abund- 
ance. The two common species of heath and the ling—all three 
occasionally found with white flowers—the whortleberry, bearing 
abundant fruit, the gorse, bracken, tormentil, and a few species 
of grass, especially Agrostis canina, almost make up the vegeta- 
tion. In the wet places the bog-pimpernel, the ivy-leaved cam- 
panula, the bog-asphodel, bog St. John’s wort, and round-leaved 
sundew are plentitul. 

Devonshire is noted for its Hollow lanes, with steep fern-clad 
banks. In the region I am speaking of the banks of the lanes 
and hedges are strengthened by large blocks of granite, and at 
the time of my visit were gay with flowers, especially the fox- 
glove, the navel-wort, the sheepsbit, the knapweed, Lychnis 
dioica, Sedum anglicum, Lotus major, and Galium Mollugo. The 
foxglove has the local name of ‘ curflops,”’ a name which seems 
to haye reference to the flowers drooping to one side, as the 
sam ename ‘‘curflops’”’ is also given to the black or Tartary oat, 
with its close secund panicle; the white oat, with its loose 
spreading panicle, being called ‘sparvel.’’ The navel-wort 
(Cotyledon umbilicus) is locally called ‘* penny pies.” ‘This plant, 
with its tuberous root, fleshy trumpet-shaped leaves, and long 
spike of greenish white flowers, is a characteristic feature of the 
West Country flora; it is very common in the south-west 
counties of England, and in Wales; but in the east of England 
the only place where I have seen it is on the walls of a ruined 
castle in Lincolnshire, where it was no doubt introduced. At 
Croydon I have never succeeded in getting it to live through the 
winter. At Manaton 1t was everywhere abundant on banks, 
rocks, walls, trees and roofs. 

The sheepsbit (Jastone montana), resembling a small bright 
blue scabious, is abundant, as in most parts of Devonshire. It 
is not common about Croydon, though this year I have found it 
in some abundance on the railway banks between West Wickham 
Station. and Hayes. Of the knapweed (Centaurea nigra) the 
rayless form—the form found about Croydon—was the prevailing 
one on the high ground and granite soil. On the low ground 
and calcareous soil, at Bovey Tracey and Torquay, the rayed 
form was the usual one, as in the West of England generally. 

In the cornfields Silene anglica and Spergula arvensis were 
among the most abundant weeds. Chrysanthemum segetum, a 
plant abundant in some western counties in cornfields on lght 
soil, was not seen. 

It was curious to note the absence or scarcity of some of the 
plants most abundant about Croydon. Of course, on a granite 


62 Some Notes on the Flora of Dartmoor. 


soil one would not expect to find many of the plants characteristic 
of our chalk downs, such as the rock-rose, the squat thistle, the 
wayfaring-tree, and the wild clematis. (The altitude may have 
to do with the absence of the latter, as it is a plant characteristic 
of the lowest or infer-agrarian zone of vegetation in Britain.) 
But some plants, which from the nature of the habitat one might 
have expected to be plentiful, were not seen, e.g. Silene inflata, 
Galium verum, Bryonia dioica, Genista anglica, and Campanula 
rotundifolia, while other species common with us occurred but 
sparingly, e. g. Senecio Jacobea, Tamus communis, and Huphorbia 
amygdaloides. 

Roses were scarce ; Rosa canina and Rf. arvensis were the only 
ones seen, and that sparingly. 

Of brambles, Rubus leucostachys and R. rhamnifolius were the 
prevalent forms. AR. discolor (rusticanus), the common blackberry 
of lowland cultivated districts, was seen in two or three places 
on the lower ground only. 

Of hawkweeds, H. Pilosclla was the only species seen. Of 
willows, the sallow (Salia cinerea) was the only species plentiful; it 
often formed a small tree with a distinct trunk, about the size of 
a large plum-tree, instead of, as with us, a large bush branching 
from the root. 8S. aurita was found in a few places, and two 
osiers—S. viminalis and S. triandra (?)—by one stream ; but the 
common tree-willows, S. fragilis and S. alba, were not seen, nor 
the dwarf willow, S. repens, which one would have expected to be 
plentiful in the boggy places. Sedges, too, were much less 
plentiful than might have been expected, Carex muricata, flava, 
stellulata, and distans being the only species observed. 

Ferns are very abundant on banks, and in woods and wet 
places, especially the lady-fern, male fern, common polypody, 
Lastraa Oreopteris, Blechnum, and of course the bracken; also 
the black spleenwort (Asplenium Adiantum-nigrum), which is 
plentiful in most parts of Devonshire and Cornwall. The hart’s- 
tongue and wall rue—plentiful on calcareous soils in Devonshire, 
were only found on one or two old walls. The filmy fern 
(Hymenophyllum Tunbridgense) grew among mosses, on the huge 
boulders of granite in the bed of a torrent. 

Among the plants observed, besides those previously men- 
tioned, the following may be named :—Aanunculus Lenormandi, 
Corydalis claviculata, Fumaria confusa, Lepidium Smithw (plenti- 
ful), Hypericum Androsemum, Oxalis stricta (garden weed), Linum 
angustifolium, Coronilla varia (garden escape), Alchemilla vulgaris, 
(inanthe crocata (common), Valerianella dentata, Cuscuta FE pi- 
thymum (up to altitude of 1400 ft.), Rhynchospora alba. 


=, 


63 


8.—REPORT OF THE METEOROLOGICAL COMMITTEE, 1902. 
Prepared by the Hon. Sec., Francis CAMPBELL-BayarD, F.R. Met. Soc. 
(Read 17th March, 1903.) 


THE same arrangements under which the daily rainfall of the district 
round Croydon has been observed and tabulated have been continued 
throughout the year 1902. The number of stations in the printed list 
is 88, and there is one additional station—viz. Beddington Corner, the 
record of which is complete for the whole year, and which will be 
found at the end of this Report. These 89 stations are under the 
superintendence of 72 observers. There was a change of the observers 
at South Norwood, mentioned in the April sheet, and Mr. Craven, of 
Woburn Road, Croydon, ceased observing at the end of June, at which 
date he left the town. 

Appendix I. to this Report contains a list of the observers, with 
particulars relating to the stations and gauges, and also the monthly 
tables of daily rainfall, of which a sufficient number have from month 
to month been pulled for the use of the Society. These printed tables 
contain the records of all observers, with the exception already men- 
tioned, reporting to the Committee. 

Appendix IT. contains a record of all falls of rain of 1:00 in. and 
upwards, extracted from the monthly tables in Appendix I. 

Having regard to the large fall of rain—vzz. 3°51 in.—at Esher on 
September 10th, and which fall is more particularly referred to in the 
printed sheet for that month, it seems desirable to place on record in 
the form of a short table a list of all falls in the twenty-four hours, 
which are 2°50 in. and upwards. These are eleven in number, and are 
taken from our printed tables, which commence with the year 1888. 


TABLE A.—Maximum Fauus 1n 24 Hours or 2:50 1N. AND ABOVE. 


| Date. STATION. Fat. 
IN. 

ou duly, 1888) (Deptford, 2... 1.10... 2°54 
2 Sept., 1889 |Wilmington ........ 3°90 
lipoulyer SOOM a IKimestom Tyco. sale 5's 2°62 
28 June, 1892 |Caterham Valley ....| 2°50 


1 Sept., 1896 |Keston (Tower Fields)| 2°62 
” », (Bradfield) ..| 2°54 


A IMeESth atic sire crevctere 2°51 
1O:Septc, 1902, |Misher) 3.43... 0.006. 3°51 
a Carshalfomyescecs coe 2°99 
s South Norwood...... 2°76 
= West Molesey ...... 2°57 


If this table is examined it will be seen that there are only two falls 
which are over 3°50 in., and only four falls over 2°75 in. The late 
Mr. G. J. Symons always warned his observers to look to the capacity 
of their gauges, saying that ‘‘once in your rainfall life you will have 
a fall of over four inches.’’ In the fifteen years since the foundation 
of this organization there has been no such fall recorded, though the 
fall at Wilmington in 1889 is very close to this amount. 

With reference to the rainfall for the year 1902, the impression has 
gone about that the year has been a very wet one, with a large number 
of rainy days. Both of these impressions are not in accordance with 
the facts, but, at the same time, if we look at tables B and C, we shall 
at once see how the impression has arisen. 


* . 


———— es |e | — eee — ——————, 


98: 1— 
PEt 
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3) ame 
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66:0_ 
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18:0; 
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¥6-0— |L9-T— |86:0+ 
L8-0— |LL-T— \LT-0-+ 
G-0— |89-I— |60:I— 
VOst a= Wiel OGe a= 
Gre |SG° =. |0Selaa 
[8:1 |\76:1L— |s8-1— 
LO: Omani Lebo 187-1 a 
1G-I— |86-I— |L0-T— 
88-0— |9F-I— |9¢-T— 
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TO gees Ia: Ome | honk 
00-IT— |00-I— |69-T— 
Vl Gilera 
06:0— |36-I— |$8-T— | 
09°0=, 168° 1951 | 
GES Sot 120-0 == | 
\L8-0— |68-I— |ho-T— 
PI-T— |G0-T— |L9-1— 
‘Uy SUL eee SULT 
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L6-0— 00-0 

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qHL dO WOVEHAY AHL HLIM GHUVdWOD SV ZOG[ 40 TIVANIVY AH], 


66 Mr. F. Campbell-Bayard’s Report of the 


TABLE C. 


Numper or Rarny Days at WALLINGTON, SURREY. 


Average of | Jan.|Feb.|Mayr. 
10 years |-—— 
1891-1900| 18 | 14 | 13 


Apr. May Jun./July/Aug. Sep.| Oct. Nov. Dec.) Year. 


— 


11) D2 00 10) 15) 12" | Sb e ere aed 


LO 20 LO eS ahs ate pS Pete ed |) ay fea Koy 


1902" 9 cae V2 


On examining table B, which consists of 44 stations from 
amongst the 48 whose averages were given for the 10 years 
1891-1900 in the Report for 1900, and comparing these aver- 
ages with the rainfall of 1902, we shall at once be struck with 
the fact, in looking at the year’s column, that the rainfall 
has been deficient, for out of all these stations only one shows 
an excess—viz. Hisher—and this excess, anyone can see, has 
arisen from the great thunderstorm on September 10th. If now 
we take the several months we shall at once see the cause of the 
numerous complaints which have been made as to the want of 
water. The months of January, February, April, July, October, 
November, and December were all very dry. March we might 
call an average month, the small deficit in some places being 
balanced by the small excess in other places. September also 
was a dry month in the places which were not affected by the 
thunderstorm on the 10th. This leaves only the three months of 
May, June, and August as the months of an excess of rain, and 
these are the months when most persons take their holidays. It 
will be noticed how wet these months were, and I may remark that, 
though July appears dry, yet the last half of that month was wet 
with a large number of rainy days. If we now look at table C, 
we at once notice that May, June, August, and October had a 
considerable number of rainy days in excess of the average. 
These facts will at once account for the impression that the 
year was a wet one. It is, again, a curious fact that the driest 
place in the district appears to be Sevenoaks, which is closely 
followed by Abinger Hall. 

Through the courtesy of a member of the Society, Mr. Baldwin 
Latham, who has a self-recording rain gauge, I have been fur- 
nished with the following figures for 1902. The actual number 
of hours during which rain fell during the year was 529°35, 
which gave a rate of fall of 0°39 in. per hour, and the actual 
number of days of twenty-four hours each as 22°056. 

The Committee would like to point out that the number of 
days on which the fall of rain was one inch and above was not 
large, being only five, and that the amounts, with the exception 
of the fall on September 10th, which has already been dealt 


Meteorological Committee, 1902. 67 


with, were not remarkable. In conclusion, the Committee desire 
to thank those, eleven in number, who have given donations 
in ald of this rainfall work, which, from the letters received, 
evidently supplies a want which has been felt for some time, and 
it seems a pity that the state of the finances does not permit the 
extension of the scheme to a larger area. 


Gorpon Vitua, Beppinaton CorNnER, SURREY. 
Observer--G. Minter. Gauge 5 in. in diameter. 


Height of gauge above ground, 5 ft. 
Height of station above sea-level, 77 ft. 


Jan. | Feb. |Mar.| Apr.| May |June| July Aug. { Sept.| Oct. | Nov.| Dec. | Year. 
ENE UNG) IN./'| IN. | IN.: | -IN. esiNe MTN) |eAENe | UNG 
0°50 | 0°70 | 1:48 | 0°55 | 2°27 | 4:56 114 | 354 2°64 | 1:44 | 1-84 1-66 09-59 


Norrt.—The observations are taken at 7 p.m., and the amount 
entered to the same day. 


68 


APPENDIX II. 
Fauts or 1 IncH AND ABOVE. 


Marcu 247Tu.—Hayes 1°21 in. 

June 1387H.—Worcester Park 1:29 in.; Raynes Park 1:27 in.; 
Clapham Park 1:19 in.; Wimbledon (The Downs) 1:18 in.; 
Brixton 1:16 in.; Wimbledon (Sewage Works) 1:15 in.; Morden 
1:13 in.; Wimbledon (The Windmill) 1:10 in.; Streatham, and 
West Norwood 1:09 in.; Putney Heath 1:07 in.; Kingston 1:06 
in.; Wandsworth Common 1:05 in.; Battersea 1:03 in. 

June 157H.—West Wickham 1:00 in. 

Aveust 16raH.—Holmbury St. Mary 1:00 in. 

Aveust 181rx.—Croydon (Brimstone Barn) 1:20 in.; Esher 
1:15 in. 

SepteMBER 10Ta.—KHsher 3°51 in.; Carshalton 2°99 in.; South 
Norwood 2°76 in.; West Molesey 2°57 in.; Upper Norwood 
2°38 in.; Forest Hill (Denmark Road) 2:12 in.; Surbiton 
2°04 in.; Kingston 1:96 in.; Croydon (Windmill Road) 1:90 in.; 
Forest Hill (S. & V. Water Co.) 1°80 in.; Wallington 1-70 in. ; 
Croydon (Brimstone Barn) 1°65 in.; Raynes Park 1°63 in.; 
Sutton and Wimbledon (The Downs) 1°61 in.; Beddington 
1:34 in. ; Deptford 1:31 in.; New Maldon 1:25 in.; West Nor- 
wood 1:24 in.; Worcester Park 1:21 in.; Benhilton 1°19 in.; 
Streatham 1:15 in.; Greenwich 1:09 in.; Richmond 1:08 in.; 
Croydon (Whitgift) and Wimbledon (Sewage Works) 1:05 in. 


69 


9,.—RaINFALL. 


By W. Marriort, Esq. 
(Read February 17th, 1902). 


Mr. W. Marriort said he hoped his audience would not be dis- 
appointed, as he had brought no paper to read, nor had he come 
prepared to lecture, but rather to give a conversational address 
on the subject of rainfall. The subject was probably a familiar 
one to the members of the Society, as the Meteorological Com- 
mittee of the Society had done good work for many years past 
by issuing a very useful Monthly Return of Rainfall in the 
district south of London, compiled from daily records. 

Whence, however, comes the rain? If ice be put into a glass 
of water and its temperature reduced below that of the surround- 
ing atmosphere, the outside of the glass becomes wet. This is 
caused by condensation of the moisture in the atmosphere owing 
to the temperature of the glass being below dew point, whereby 
the air is induced to part with a portion of its moisture. The 
atmosphere contains moisture, and the higher the temperature 
the more moisture it can absorb. On reaching colder currents of 
air in the higher regions the moisture is condensed and forms 
clouds; and when the temperature is reduced below the dew 
point the moisture is parted with in the form of rain. 

The prevailing rain-bearing wind in the British Isles is the 
south-west, which comes off the Atlantic warm and highly 
charged with moisture. It strikes against the hills on the west 
and rain is discharged. Thus the heaviest rains occur chiefly on 
the west coast, and the amount increases according to altitude. 
Mr. Marriott said that he had collated the rainfall data for the 
Croydon district, published by the Meteorological Committee, for 
the ten years 1891-1900, according to height above sea level, and 
found that the rainfall increased with altitude, in the same way 
as in other parts of the country. The following were the 
results :— 


Altitude. Rainfall. 
100 feet. 22°08 inches. 
200% 4, 23°41 ap 
300 _,, 24°54 ae 
400) 0,, 26°81 0iis5 
BOO; ; 27°18 
600 ,, —_--—_— 
WOO. 5 29 OF nee 


Peculiarities in the position of localities will modify the apparent 
fall. Thus a gauge placed at the top of a hill near the sea may 
not record so great a fall as one placed a short distance inland 


70 Mr. W. Marriott on Rainfall. 


and lower, because a high wind drives the rain over the higher 
station. 

The average rainfall for the South-east of England, as recorded 
at Greenwich for the past eighty years, is just under 25 inches. 
As will be seen from the following figures, there have been 
during the past twelve years only two in which the rainfall has 
been above the average, viz. :— 


In. In. In. 
1890—3:06 1894+ 1:92 1898—6:11 
1891+ :006 1895—5:24 1899—2:°68 
1892—2'61 1896—2°49 1900—2:°64 
1893—4:87 1897—2°88 1901—4:°65 


There is thus a deficiency on the twelve years amounting in the 
ageregate to 35°22 inches, which is equal to about a year and a 
half’s rainfall. 

The average rainfall varies, of course, in different parts, and 
at Seathwaite in Cumberland is about 140 inches. ‘There the 
- spring months, April, May, and June, are the driest months on 
the average, the fall gradually increasing until January, and then 
again decreasing ; whereas in the London area it is found that 
October is the wettest month, July next, and March the driest. 
It has been found useless to base calculations on records of short 
periods, owing to the great variability of the rainfall. Thus, if 
an average were struck from the records of the past ten or twelve 
years in the London district, it will be found to be much below 
the 25 inches recorded as an average for the past eighty years at 
Greenwich. 

Snow and hail are other forms of rain, about one foot of the 
former being equal, speaking roughly, to one inch of rain. Hail- 
stones are particularly interesting, as showing by their structure 
the varying changes of temperature passed through. Fortu- 
nately we do not get in this country such heavy hailstorms as 
occur in Australia, South Africa, and other places, where corru- 
gated iron of ordinary thickness is riddled, but at times we do 
have them very heavy and destructive, in fact sometimes dan- 
gerous. 

Mr. Marriott exhibited a numerous and interesting series of 
lantern-slides illustrating his address, giving diagrams, tables, 
and maps showing the different temperatures existing in different 
parts of the world, both in winter and summer, indicated by 
lines termed isotherms; the rainfall in different countries, and 
the monsoon areas of the East; also portraits of some well- 
known meteorologists. He hoped that more observers would be 
obtained, and the number of stations increased in the Croydon 
district, as it is necessary to obtain accurate information from 
numerous sources and for periads,.in order that it may be 
of use. PRESE PED ; 


) Slaw Zo 


No. 


10 


15 


20 


25 


30 


35 


APPENDIX I. 


CROYDON NATURAL HISTORY AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY 


(Meteorological Committee. ) 


“)eo5 | fas 
STATIONS. OBSERVERS, 2 5 ae 5 4qs 
28 |E*5 |533 
IN. |FT. IN.| Fr. 
Holmbury St. Mary (loedwynds) | F. Cornish ........ 5/1 0] 530 
Abinger (The Rectory).......... Miss Brodie-Hall....| 5 | 1 0 | 381 
Abinger (Uhe Hall) ........ oo nal Lng bol Maya son5| 1 2 0) BHO) 
Wonka n(Menbies)- .. 36 wae). Je DECSIC Yio. eae levels 2|U 6 |} 610 
Redhill (Oxford Road) .......... W. H. Tyndall...... 811 0 | 300 
Redhill (Linkfield Lane) ........ Mrs. Stephenson....| 9 | 1 0 | 350 
Nutfield (The Priory) .......... Je Motiatty 5 sir. as 8; 1 2] 468 
Nutfield (The Priory) 2nd gauge| J. Moffatt .......... Go| V2) 331 
Buckland (Hartswood) ........ R. W. Clutton ...... Dy dk Oye mye 
Reigate Hill (Nutwood Lodge)..| H. E. Gurney ...... 9|1 0 | 440 
Upper Gatton (The Park)........ JD AADIaOKeey Pat Gee an oF 2/1 0] 600 
Merstham (Rockshaw Lodge)....) T. W. Hill.......... Dl Oy) As 
Hlarp’s Oak Cottage ............ eC Grate scree ®|1 0 | 454 
Chipstead (Shabden Park) ...... JES CTORAN Wiss aiccteecjree 9/1 0 | 550 
Chaldon (The Rectory) ........ Rey. G. EH. Belcher ..| 5 | 1 0 | 542 
Caterham (Metropolitan Asylum)| P. E. Campbell, M.D.) 5 | 1 0 | 610 
Westerham (Hill Estate)........ Wis WIC Bee are mee o|1 0 | 539 
Westerham (The Town) ........ Wo NOOK 5445460055 5 |1 0 | 380 
Knockholt Beeches (Field Gauge)| W. Morris.......... 9/1 0 | 785 
Knockholt Beeches (‘Tower Gauge)| W. Morris.......... 5 | 24 6 | 812 
Chevening (The Park).......... OR SMO, yop. 20 LON 360 
Sevenoaks (St. Johns Hill)...... W. W. Wagstaffe ....; 5 | 1 10} 380 
Chelsham (Fairchildes) ........ ASS; Daniell... -1. 8; 1 07 600 
Warlingham (Egremont)........ EDS ROSOLS ois cele: eis d|1 0| 614 
Kenley (Hazelea) 2). jecclonne Mrs. Carr-Dyer On ele Ole e282 
Sanderstead (The Red House) ..| Capt. Carpenter, R.N.| 5 | 1 0 | 320 
Burgh Heath (The Reservoir)....| Sutton Dis. Water Co.| 5 | 1 0 | 580 
Leatherhead (Downside) ........ NY Pate uals sas az ad ote Jee On) 250 
MeNnerMoOMeO Mase ../65 44 a0 2%. s oc Sir W. Vincent, Bart. 9/1 0} 280 
Oxshott (Beverstone) .......... We Hie Dingess haa 5/1 0 | 212 
Banstead (The Larches) ........ Rey. C. J. Taylor....| 8 | 1 0 | 488 
Sutton (Sutton District Water Co.)| Sutton Dis. WaterCo.| 5 | 1 0 | 110 
Benhilton (Angel Hill) ........ J.C, M. Stanton ..,..| 5 | 1, 3 |-125 
Carshalton (Sewage Works) ....| W. W. Gale ........ 5/1 0| 118 
Wallington (Maldon Road)...... F. Campbell-Bayard | 5 | 4 1 | 140 
Beddington (Riverside) ........ Sip ROSH Boas soem Sl @ Pew) 
Croydon (Brimstone Barn) ...... Croydon Corporation| 5/1 0! 130 


No. 


40 


45 


50 


5d 


60 


65 


70 


75 


80 


85 


STATIONS. 


OBSERVERS. 


Croydon (Waddon New Road).... 
( 


Croydon (Duppas House) 
Croydon (Whitgift 


Croydon (Woburn Road)........ 


( 
Croydon (Windmill Road) 
Croydon (Park Hill Rise) 


Croydon (Ashburton Road)...... 
Addington Hills (The Reservoir). . 


Addington (Park Farm) 


Addington (Pumping Station).... 
West Wickham (Wickham Court) 


Hayes (Hayes Place) 
Farnborough (Feniton) 


Orpington (Kent Water Co.) .... 
Farningham Hill (Hill House) .. 
Southfleet (Kent Water Co.) .... 


Chislehurst (Hawkwood) 
Bickley (The High Field) 
Bromley (The Palace) 


Bromley Common (Elmfield} .... 
Beckenham (Wickham Road).... 
ol) Wis CEE GOS reateeter 


South Norwood (Apsley Road) 
Morden (Steel Hawes) 


Wimbledon (Sewage Works) .... 


Wimbledon (The Downs) 
Wimbledon (The Windmill) .. 


Raynes Park (Pumping Station).. 
New Malden (Sewage Works) .... 
Worcester Park (Manor Lodge).. 


Ksher (Sewage Works 


West Molesey (Chelsea W. Co.).. 


Surbiton (Seething Wells) 
Kingston (Sewage Works) 
Richmond (The Terrace) 


Putney Heath (The Reservoirs).. 
Wandsworth Com. (Patten Road) 
Clapham Park (New Park Road) 
Streatham (Woodfield Avenue)... 
West Norwood (Thornlaw Road). . 
Up. Norwood (Dulwich-wood Park) 
Forest Hill (Dartmouth Road)... 
Forest Hill (S. & V. Water Co.).. 


Sideup (Hatherley Road) 


Wilmington (Kent Water Co.).... 
.| Lieut-Col. C. N. Kidd 


Dartford (West Hill House) 
Eltham (High Street) 


Greenwich (Royal Observatory)... 
Deptford (Kent Water Co.) ...... 
Nunhead (S. & V. Water Co.).... 
Brixton (Acre Tiane) <.......-.:. 
Battersea (S. & V. Water Co.) ...! 


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Croydon Corporation| 5 
Baldwin Latham....| 8 
A. EK. Watson 
M. L. Craven 
A. Malden 
H. F. Parsons, M.D. 
J. EK. Clark 
Croydon Corporation | 
W. Whalley 
Croydon Corporation 
Sir H. F. Lennard, Bt. 
W. Beale 

Miss Percy 
W. Morris 
A. J. Waring 
W. Morris 


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Rey. J. P. Faunthorpe 
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Miss R. Hames...... 
C. H. Cooper 
Prancis Hox os oe eee 


C. H. Cooper 
TV. Ei. Davasonees 
F. D. Outram 
A. J. Henderson .... 


Ae Wrnch..3.,0 32-2 
D. W. Horner 
F. Jordan 
W. Marriott 
J. P. Caldicott 
L. W. F. Behrens 
J. W. Restler 
Lionel Burrell, M.D. 

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40 


45 


50 


55 


60 


65 


70 


75 


80 


85 


STATIONS. 


Croydon (Waddon New Road).... 


( 
Croydon (Duppas House) 
Croydon (Whitgift) 


Croydon (Woburn Road)........ 


( 
Croydon (Windmill Road) 
Croydon (Park Hill Rise) 


Croydon (Ashburton Road)...... 
Addington Hills (The Reservoi). . 


Addington (Park Farm) 


Addington (Pumping Station).... 
West Wickham (Wickham Court) 


Hayes (Hayes Place) 
Farnborough (Feniton) 


Orpington (Kent Water Co.) .... 
Farningham Hill (Hill House) .. 
Southfleet (Kent Water Co.) .... 


Chislehurst (Hawkwood) 
Bickley (The High Field) 
Bromley (The Palace) 


Bromley Common (Elmfield} .... 
Beckenham (Wickham Road).... 


South Norwood (Apsley Road) 
Morden (Steel Hawes) 
Wimbledon (Sewage Works) .. 
Wimbledon (The Downs) 


Wimbledon (The Windmill) .... 
Raynes Park (Pumping Station).. 
New Malden (Sewage Works) .... 
Worcester Park (Manor Lodge).. 


Ksher (Sewage Works 


West Molesey (Chelsea W. Co.).. 


Surbiton (Seething Wells) 
Kingston (Sewage Works) 
Richmond (The Terrace) 


Putney Heath (The Reservoirs).. 
Wandsworth Com. (Patten Road) 
Clapham Park (New Park Road) 
Streatham (Woodfield Avenue)... 
West Norwood (Thornlaw Road).. 
Up. Norwood (Dulwich-wood Park) 
Forest Hill (Dartmouth Road)... 
Forest Hill (S. & V. Water Co.).. 


Sidcup (Hatherley Road) 


Wilmington (Kent Water Co.).... 


Dartford (West Hill House) 
Eltham (High Street) 


Greenwich (Royal Observatory).. 
Deptford (Kent Water Co.) ...... 
Nunhead (S. & V. Water Co.).... 
Brixton (Acre Lane) :........... 
Battersea (S. & V. Water Co.) ... 


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‘|eslgo¥ |oee 
OBSERVERS. 8 5 28 a ada 
BO HSS nea 

IN. |FT. IN.| FT. 

Croydon Corporation| 5/1 0O| 146 
Baldwin Latham .=-..\) oude sOsadas 
AH... Watsons. ee Bae OF od: 
Meh Cravens cenn reales hs 
As Malden). see Fy ails rt ae egied 
H; EF. Parsons; MDs) oes 05-250 
Jat: Clarkicas sees aod OF}, 188 
Croydon Corporation| 8 | 0 9 | 473 
Wie Whalley.” ste ee Sta 0)5) 268 
Croydon Corporation| 8 | 1 0} 331 
Sir H. F. Lennard, Bt; 5) 1 2 | 300 
Ws Bealewys oes are Salat SOs 350 
Miss Rereyes <.cievemters Gye es DUN rod A) 
Wi Miorris':.2). e-aler lt = |e 
ALD. Waring) ners 513 0 | 300 
WeMorris 2322 oaee Sb b a 82 
Miss Edlmann...... 5 | £ 202)-300 
JMB abel. Ao ee ee by Don 2G 
Coles:@hild re ee Hie leelan Onli bon 
Rey. J.P. Faunthorpe| 5 | 0 9 | 240 
BK Sceovellans seer Si eilee eee p ieves 
NOW i ely OUI Secreto ac ae 
Miss RR. Hames. 3%: Bip “2/100 
Sea Ele -COOPCL Arie ye, Lue DE eye: 
Hranciss Hox se sear Pyne deere st) eed OD 
Jesse Reeves........ Soyer Les: ess Fee B67 
CH Coopers ee Be) Or Ag, 
T. V. A. Davison. : 7.) (anh 45 
HD .Onutrania ree 5 (ed e120 
A. J. Henderson .254) Soniie20 40 
AE Wirinchv2 seis oe Eph g een) 32 
EbSWirinch. sseee eee 10/0 6 25 
PA Stevens oes se (ee a 8) 25 
Jee pbrierleya. eer 8 | /te26. |) 109 
EE Wirinchieee ae sei FW uals (bp hey 6) 
BE Jee Brodie. ao ee 5 aeerO- 1) 100 
DW: Horner: +e ye) eae tS 
iB Jordaniea. > come Eso lg! boas Cie hae 1220) 
WeeViarriotince cree Dd 041920 
Jae: Caldicotiessene: See as rer 
L. W. F. Behrens P| Ae 4220 
J We esterase ee 5 | 10.344 
Lionel Burrell, M.D. 5 ted 22} 4160 
WeMorrnisticereee ce yee ba ba 21) 25 
.| Lieut-Col. C. N. Kidd| 5;{1 37} 100 
We Norris eceeeoee PS fie Byes (ee baat 59 
Astronomer Royal ..| 8 | 0 5} 155 
W Morris). screenees 5. LPO 20 
J Wie Restlerv see 5 | ANOS AAG 
HB Gaster noe. net odin fit Ref) 77 
J; Wie Restler.©.sse5 ies yw 21 


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CONTENTS. op 
PROCEEDINGS. i 
Thirty-third Annual-Meeting ’  i.sc0... . -a8cetes eee Bt Ie al 
President's Address... ..0/.... 0. ees.» donoeue oa: 2 ee 
Summary-of Proceedings <0: /22...2:..2¢ ease ee siya ke me 
FAXCULSIONS (i. e5 ees cee dine de cone dec cee ede onanen ted he tee ee ear 
Hivening Meetings ..........02..qs:5a0c 000s ee ath an tayo saree 
Reports of Sectional Committees for 1902 :— pea hee 
Anthropological and Archeological .....................e20- ae 

Botanical © so cs. cae net son te dec asses aaa seperate ee 

Geological «5.5.28 5.00105 .scc0e0s one tee pote esas a 

Museum 2029.35.50. 2. ioc eee ate eae ee 

Photographic. (With three Plates, one as frontispiece) 

Aoological | ....1.0.c..05. 4s ew cadeegeeimans > eagehees ay td ( 
Members elected, 1902 .................- aia lst ea ity 
Donations, &c., to the Library, 1902 \....7..22.....2-sn veces Fee 
Treasurer's Balance Sheet. ....2..-.2---nvecssss-0sepes eae heck 
Portrouios (Plates A-K) 

: TRANSACTIONS. 

A Trip to the West Indies. By James Epps, Jun., F.L.S. ...... 7 | 

The Sword of Old Japan. By J. O. Penton, Member of the 
Japan Socieby: 2.2... 51. acesce sige seageen toda: seemed cent ee 25 


Foraminifera from the Gault at Merstham. By W. Murron Hotmus 84 
Recent Discoveries at Waddon, Surrey. (With Plate.) By Georce 
| Ctrnosy FVGAS: feck eel. a, oon ek aie —40— 
Example of a perfect Flint Implement, supposed to be of the Period , 
of the First Dynasty of Egypt; and of two early Mirrors in 
Copper, found in recent Excavations at Abydos. (With Plate. ) 


By Wm. BF. Srantay, 2.G.8. °°... 2.) spent en (oe sce | 
On the Flora of Hayes Common. By H. FRANKLIN Pansoxs, a 
M.D. W.G.B. oti. 5 camene ye ecembs teeta ste cteih a panna | 6 
Some Notes on the Flora of the Eastern Border of Dartmoor. “By wy 


H. Franxum Parsons, M.D.,. F-G.S} .:. 0.556...2ese eee (604 
Report of the Meteorological Committee, 1902. Premaeea ee the A 

Hon. Sec., Francis Camppeiu-Bayarp, F.R. Met.Soe. ......... 63 — 
Rainfall. By W. TE ee eee 60 


Cropdon Ratural Bistory and ee Society, 


OFFICERS FOR 1908. Sweet 

President.—F. Camppetu-Bayarp, LL.M., F.R. Met. Bat ries 

Vice-Presidents.—Jas. Epps, Te F.L.S.; Henry qT. “Mens 
F.L.S.; Wictiam Wurracer, B.A., F. R. ae Oe G. S. 

Hon. Curator of Museum.—N. F. Rorarts, EG. ss 

Hon. Lanternist.—J. H. Batpocx, F.C.S8. 

Hon. Librarian.—Atrrep Roops. — 

Hon. Treasurer.— FP. J. TownEnp, td Parle Hill Hise : 


THORPE ; W. Marron Houtmes; HK. A. Mann, BG. S.; 
EK. Lovaas W. W. Torrey. 


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